A pollen morphological study was conducted using light and scanning electron microscopy involving six species belonging to the subtribe Neoguillauminiinae. Pollen samples from the six species are tricolporate, and the colpi are surrounded by broad margo, with the widest width in the equator, narrower toward the pole, and rounded at the end. Based on the pollen morphology, pollen of the species in the subtribe Neoguillauminiinae were divided into four types: the Neoguillauminia type (T1), the C. collinus type (T2), the C. casuarinoides type (T3) and the C. paucifolius type (T4). The generic divergence between Neoguillauminia and Calycopeplus was supported by the pollen characters of the size, amb and lumina shape. In particular, the traits of rounded shape in the outline of the polar view and circular lumina, which appear only in the pollen grains of N. cleopatra, support the recognition of Neoguillauminia as a monotypic genus. Calycopeplus oligandrus and C. paucifolius had the same reticulate pattern of pollen grains, supporting Forster's hypothesis that these two species are closely related. On the other hand, the close relationship between the morphologically similar C. collinus and C. casuarinoides was not supported by the pollen characters. Within the subtribe there are two equally parsimonious hypotheses regarding the evolution of exine characters. The first consists of two changes of microreticulate through parallel evolution from the primitive reticulate exine, and the second is that the microreticulate pattern is differentiated from the reticulate state and then reversed to reticulate pollen grains.

Viburnum in Korea includes ten species. The phylogenetic relationships and morphology of the genus Viburnum in general have been studied substantially for the past three decades. A clear understanding of the systematic relationships and an assessment of the level of morphological variation of these plants distributed in Korea are lacking. This study investigated the morphology of these species using herbarium specimens and fresh materials obtained during fieldwork to examine the morphological variation level for a better understanding of each species in the genus. A comparative analysis showed that the species of Viburnum in Korea are easily distinguishable based on various characters of the bud, leaf, extrafloral nectary, inflorescence, corolla, fruit, and stone.

The taxonomic rank of the tiny-leaved terrestrial orchid Cephalanthera subaphylla Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$ has been somewhat controversial, as it has been treated as a species or as an infraspecific taxon, under C. erecta (Thunb.) Blume [C. erecta var. subaphylla (Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$) Ohwi and C. erecta f. subaphylla (Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$) M. Hiro]. Allozyme markers, traditionally employed for delimiting species boundaries, are used here to gain information for determining the taxonomic status of C. subaphylla. To do this, we sampled three populations of five taxa (a total of 15 populations) of Cephalanthera native to the Korean Peninsula [C. erecta, C. falcata (Thunb.) Blume, C. longibracteata Blume, C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch, and C. subaphylla]. Among 20 putative loci resolved, three were monomorphic (Dia-2, Pgi-1, and Tpi-1) across the five species. Apart from C. longibracteata, there was no allozyme variation within the remaining four species. Of the 51 alleles harbored by these 17 polymorphic loci, each of the 27 alleles at 14 loci was unique to a single species. Accordingly, we found low average values of Nei's genetic identities (I) between ten species pairs (from I = 0.250 for C. erecta versus C. longifolia to I = 0.603 for C. falcata vs. C. longibracteata), with C. subaphylla being genetically clearly differentiated from the other species (from I = 0.349 for C. subaphylla vs. C. longifolia to 0.400 for C. subaphylla vs. C. falcata). These results clearly indicate that C. subaphylla is not genetically related to any of the other taxa of Cephalanthera that are native to the Korean Peninsula, including C. erecta. In a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), C. subaphylla was positioned distant not only from C. falcata, C. longibracteata, and C. longifolia, but also from C. erecta. Finally, K = 5 was the best clustering scheme using a Bayesian approach, with five clusters precisely corresponding to the five taxa. Thus, our allozyme results strongly suggest that C. subaphylla merits the rank of species.

The purported four hybrid origins of Asplenium in Korea were tested based on morphological, cytological and DNA sequence data. Asplenium castaneo-viride, A. ${\times}$ uiryeongse, A. ${\times}$ montanus, and A. ${\times}$ kitazawae share several morphological characteristics with the Asian walking fern A. ruprechtii and related taxa as parents and show a sympatric distribution with the putative parents, raising the possibility of hybrid origins: A. castaneo-viride (A. ruprechtii and A. incisum), A. ${\times}$ uiryeongse (A. ruprechtii and A. pekinense), A. ${\times}$ montanus (A. ruprechtii, A. trichomanes, and A. incisum), and A. ${\times}$ kitazawae (A. ruprechtii and A. sarelii). We investigated flow cytometry and chloroplast DNA sequence data (rbcL, rps4-trnS, and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer) to clarify the hybridization and origin of each hybrid. In the flow cytometry analyses, A. ruprechtii shows diploid (2x) only, whereas A. castaneo-viride (3x, 4x), A. ${\times}$ uiryeongse (3x), A. ${\times}$ montanus (3x, 4x), and A. ${\times}$ kitazawae (2x, 4x) exhibit polyploidy, suggesting hybrid events along speciation. The rbcL and rps4-trnS and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer data suggest that A. ruprechtii is one the maternal ancestors of all four hybrids. In addition, the rps4-trnS and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer data indicate that A. incisum is also the maternal ancestor of A. ${\times}$ kitazawae and A. ${\times}$ montanus, proposing multiple hybridization events for these two hybrids. In A. ${\times}$ montanus, morphological features such as the leaf forms and sympatric distributions of the species also support the multimaternal hypothesis, but the morphological features of A. ${\times}$ kitazawae must be examined with consideration of hybrid events. To clarify the complex hybrid evolutionary lineages of the four Asplenium hybrids, further research with taxon sampling and molecular markers should be conducted.

제주도에서 제비꽃속의 신종인 가지제비꽃(Viola ramiflora K. O. Yoo)을 새로이 발견하여 기재 및 도해하였다. 가지제비꽃은 꽃이 연한 자색이고 잎이 삼각상 난형, 난형 또는 장타원형으로 엽병에 얕은 날개가 발달한다는 점에서 제비꽃계열의 털제비꽃, 서울제비꽃, 흰털제비꽃, 그리고 왜제비꽃과 비슷하나 폐쇄화와 개방화의 화경이 뚜렷하게 분지하며, 폐쇄화의 포엽이 장란형으로 신장하는 특징을 가져 신종으로 명명하였다.

본 연구는 한국에 분포하는 개별꽃속의 종간 유연관계를 형태학적인 측면에서 재검토하기 위해 수행되었다. 보현개별꽃(Pseudostellaria ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis)과 설악개별꽃(P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis)은 꽃받침 가장자리와 중륵에 털이 있고 꽃잎은 5장이며 개화기 이후 줄기가 덩굴성으로 되는 특징을 덩굴개별꽃(P. davidii)과 공유하나, 보현개별꽃은 소화경이 길고, 설악개별꽃은 소화경의 길이가 짧아 구별되며 둘다 종자 결실을 못한다. 태백개별꽃(P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata)은 결실기 소화경의 길이와 줄기 기부까지 굽는 특징, 폐쇄 소화경의 길이가 길다는 점에서 지리산개별꽃과 유사하나 괴경이 가는 방추형이고, 소화경에 털이 없고, 꽃잎이 5-9장이라는 점에서 구별된다. 가거개별꽃(P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis)은 꽃의 수와 위치, 꽃잎의 수, 소화경의 길이 등에서 큰개별꽃과 유사하나 소화경에 1-2줄의 털이 있고, 꽃받침 길이와 너비, 꽃잎의 길이와 너비가 더 크고, 개화기에 줄기 기부에서 가지가 분지되는 특징을 보인다. 비슬개별꽃(P. ${\times}$ biseulsanensis)은 태백개별꽃과 개별꽃의 중간형으로 괴경과 연결된 지상부 개체가 하나이고 정단부에 꽃이 한개만 피며, 꽃잎은 요두 또는 결각상이며, 소화경에 1줄의 털이 있고, 종자가 결실되지 않는다. 정영개별꽃(P. ${\times}$ segeolsanensis)은 지리산개별꽃과 큰개별꽃의 중간형으로 괴경과 연결된 지상부 개체가 다수이고, 정단부에 꽃이 한개 피며, 소화경에 털이 1-2줄 있고, 종자 결실된다는 점에서 비슬개별꽃과 구별된다. 따라서 한국산 개별꽃속 식물은 이번 연구를 통해 8종 4교잡종 2변종 5품종으로 정리되었다.

전라남도 고흥군에 위치하는 외나로도의 관속식물상을 조사하고 분포가 확인된 주요식물에 대해 논의하였다. 2015년 3월부터 2017년 10월까지 3년 동안 총 21회의 현지조사에서 확보된 표본에 근거하여 관속식물목록을 작성하였고, 국립생물자원관 표본관(KB)과 대전대 생물학과 표본실(TUT)에 수장하였다. 본 조사에서 생육이 확인된 관속식물은 122과 364속 538종 6아종 41변종 2품종의 총 587분류군이다. 멸종위기야생생물로는 혹난초, 지네발란, 대흥란, 석곡 4분류군을 확인하였다. 한반도고유종은 변산바람꽃, 해변싸리, 거제물봉선 등 14분류군이었고, 식물구계학적 특정식물로는 V등급 4분류군, IV등급 4분류군, III등급 47분류군, II등급 18분류군, I등급 64분류군으로 총 137분류군이 조사되었다. 적색식물목록종으로는 위급종(critically endangered) 꽃꿩의다리를 포함하여16분류군을 확인하였다. 귀화식물로는 가시상추, 물참새피 등 46분류군이 조사되었다.

We report Scutellaria krasevii Kom. & I. Schischk. ex Juz. (subfamily Scutellarioideae, family Lamiaceae) as a new recorded species of Mongolia. This species is morphologically similar to S. galericulata but can be differentiated by the presence of comparatively thick and triangular-cordate leaves having a heteromerously deep-crenate margin, a densely reclinate pubescent stem, and a densely pubescent corolla. A taxonomic description, a key to the genus in Mongolia, habit photographs, and scanning electron photomicrographs of nutlets are provided for species identification. We also present a table for a comparison of the diagnostic characteristics with those of related species. This species grows along the banks of the Unit river, Khutag-Undur soum, Bulgan province, Mongolia, approximately 2,300 km far away from the type locality in Russia.