Purpose: This study was to develop an algorithm for emergency nursing care of dyspneic patients. Methods: This methodological study was done through reviews of medical records and literatures, checklists of emergency nursing care for dyspneic patients, interviews with nurses, and experts' validity. Results: Firstly, the initial assessment confirmed the identification of airway patency, accessory muscle usage, RR, $SpO_2$, v/s, skin color, and mental status. Immediate emergency care provided oxygen, checked ABG, EKG, and chest X-ray, established a semi-fowler position, maintained IV routes, administered medication orders, and conducted careful monitoring. Secondly, if the patient exhibited $SpO_2$ of less than 90%, the nurse considered the patient's condition to be aggravated. Thirdly, if the patient showed improvement of more than 90% $SpO_2$, the nurse administered secondary assessment and carried out specific nursing care. However, if the patient continuously showed $SpO_2$ of less than 80%, the nurse assisted the intubation and then executed ventilator therapy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the algorithm is an effective decision tool and utilizing the algorithm is expected to improve the emergency nursing care for dyspneic patients.

Purpose: Nowadays nursing is facing a constantly increasing shortage of employees. While there are many causes for the present nursing shortage, a major contributing factor is the revolution in fundamental values what we expect in life. An understanding of the change can assist in identifying interventions that can be used to address this crisis in healthcare. The purpose of this study is to identify the features they look for in work and the underlying factors of the work values domain. Methods: Using Q methodology, 37 nurses rated 34 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-9. The collected data were analyzed using pc-QUNAL software. Results: The results showed that work values, which nurses indicate as most important through working, were perceived as 4 factors; 'compensation oriented', 'security oriented', 'professional role oriented' and 'freedom oriented' work value. Conclusion: Providing for these findings will result in greater job satisfaction among nurses, better nurse retention and enhanced patient care within a supportive and harmonious organization.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Self-efficacy and Social Support in the emotional labor among hospital nurses. Method: Data was collected from 389 nurses in 3 general hospitals by means of structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchial multiple regression using the SPSS 14.0 program. Result: (a) self-efficacy of hospital nurses had no significant moderating and mediating effects between emotional labor and burn out, turn over intention. (b) Social support of hospital nurses had significant mediating effects between emotional labor and burn out, turn over intention. However, social support did not show moderating effects. Conclusion: Social support was a more important predictor of emotional labor than self-efficacy of hospital nurses. This finding suggests the importance of social support to increase hospital nurses psychological well-being and development of organization.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to reclassify the advanced nursing practices of critical care nurse practitioners(CCNPs) in intensive care unit and measure the time and frequency of CCNP's activities. Method: Practices of ICU nurses are divided into RN's and CCNP's practices by a panel of ICU nursing experts. Each practice of CCNP is defined and CCNP's working time and service frequencies are monitored in general hospitals. Result: Practices of CCNP were classified into 4 domains and 32 practices. Fourteen practices by CCNPs were completed in 10 minutes and the other 12 practices consumed 10-30 minutes. A priority of practice in respiratory therapy was given to artificial airway management, management of tracheostomy patient, lower respiratory care, and the priority of CRRT was management of anticoagulation. Conclusions: Advanced nursing practices of CCNPs were recognized from those of RNs. A further research of CCNPs practices should be extended to other advanced practices and it is required to evaluate economic value of advanced nursing practice in the national health insurance system.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among trait anger, anger expression, job satisfaction, job commitment, and organizational performance, and especially to verify the effect of anger experience on organizational performance. Method: A descriptive study was conducted using a convenient sample. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire from 671 clinical nurses in three university hospitals and analyzed by using SPSS 14.0 Win program with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Result: Organizational performance was significantly correlated with trait anger, anger expression-in, anger expression-out, anger control, job satisfaction, and job commitment. Multiple regression analysis showed that organizational performance was significantly predicted by job commitment, job satisfaction, educational level (university graduation), anger control, and working place (operative room), and 34.7% was explained by these variables. Conclusions: Out of anger expression, anger control significantly affected on organizational performance together with job commitment and job satisfaction. From this result, it could be concluded that nursing intervention for anger control have a positive effect on improving organizational performance. Further studies are needed to develop and test the effect of nursing intervention programs for anger control.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation model of nurses' turnover intention. Method: The participants were 716 nurses at 4 university hospitals. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire in 2008 and analyzed using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 4.0 Win program. Results: The fit indices of modified model were $x^2=285.928$(p<.001), $x^2/df=1.958$, GFI=0.964, RMSEA=0.037, AGFI=0.944, NFI=0.947, NNFI=0.961, CFI=0.973, PNFI=0.658 and showed high compatibility with the empirical data. In the final model, job stress and satisfaction were found to have significant direct effects on nurses' turnover intention, while organizational culture and emotional labor were very important factors to have indirect effects on turnover intention via job stress and satisfaction. Nurses' turnover intention was accounted for 41.2% of covariance by these factors. Conclusions: Comprehensive nursing interventions for decreasing nurses' turnover intention should be focused on reducing job stress and increasing job satisfaction. Also, Nursing strategy for enhancing positive organizational culture and decreasing emotional labor would be helpful for decreasing nurses' turnover intention, too. Further studies are needed to prospectively conduct to verify these causal relationships with larger sample.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop specialized mentor program to improve adaptation for new nurses of intensive care unit and to identify the effect of the program on early resignation rate. Methods: The study adopted nonequivalent control group, non synchronized design. Based on the identification of problems and the needs of new nurses, a 6 month specialized mentor program was developed. The program was consisted of three parts; developing knowledge, improving interpersonal relationship and increasing coping competency for emergency situation. Data were collected between July 2006 and 2008 from 37 nurses and the early resignation rate was compared before and after the implementation of the mentoring program. Results: Early resignation rate of the nurses who received the mentor program was significantly lower than that of the nurses who didn't. The resignation rate within 1 year dropped from 44.5% to 8.3%(p=.034). Conclusions: The specialized six month mentoring program was effective in reducing early resignation rate.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore roles of cancer care coordinator's by developing job description, job specification and job process map using dynamic job analysis. Method: The development process consisted of three stages of vertical job analysis and three stages of horizontal job analysis by modifying Song(1997)'s dynamic job analysis. Focus group interview was used to validate the content of the job analysis. Results: Cancer care coordinator's job description was categorized into six major categories, fourteen intermediate categories and one hundred forty specific jobs. Major categories are professional nursing practice, consultation and counsel, coordination and collaboration, education, research and leadership. Cancer care coordinator's job specification included master's degree with over five years of clinical experience preferably relevant clinical area, professional knowledge on pathophysiology of cancer, case management and cost control, competency for communication and counselling skills and clinical decision making. Cancer care coordinator's job process map was framed with time(horizontal) and activities(vertical). Conclusion: The Outcomes of this study will guide to develop possible areas of oncology advanced practice nurses in hospital setting and facilitate the use of oncology nurse practitioners by developing care coordinator roles in cancer care.

Purpose: This study was designed to describe the nurses' knowledge and attitude about incidence reporting according to nursing organizational culture and organizational characteristics. Methods: The subjects of this study were 783 clinical nurses who were in A university hospital in Gyeonggi-Do. The data were collected from May, 20, 2009 to June, 2, 2009. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive methods, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression in SPSS win(12.0). Results: Nurses' knowledge and attitude about incidence reporting were positively correlated with innovation oriented culture, relation oriented culture, and culture of patient safety. And among characteristics of nursing organization, communication, decision making, centralization were positively correlated with nurses' knowledge and attitude about incidence reporting. But the most correlated factor with nurses' knowledge and attitude about incidence reporting was culture of patient safety. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that to encourage reporting incidence, there must be a organizational approach, such as creating a culture of patient safety, active participating decision making, and communication.

Purpose: This study was to examine the relation of nurses' job stress and knowledge, attitude and care behavior for elderly patient in hospitals. Method: One hundred ninety one nurses caring the elderly patients in hospitals in Ilsan, Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do were subjects. The data was collected between Sept. 21 and 31, 2009. Data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation with SPSS/Win 17.0 and the fitness of pathway models with AMOS 5.0. Results: The mean scores of job stress and knowledge were in middle range, and attitude and care behavior were in a little higher range. The fitness of hypothetical model was excellent. Job stress had direct effects on attitude and care behavior, knowledge had direct effect on attitude and attitude had direct effect on care behavior. But the pathways related to job stress and attitude and job stress and care behavior were not significant. In modified model deleted the pathway between job stress and attitude, the pathway related to job stress and behavior also was not significant. Conclusion: Education related to the elderly for nurses to improve care behavior is needed continuously.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate and analyze the state of the relationship among nurse-doctor collaboration, job autonomy and organizational commitment. Method: The 304 participants were obtained who were working at a General ward, Intensive care unit and Operation room in three university hospitals located in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire from March 2d to April 10th, 2009. The collected data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test and Pearson's correlation on SPSS Win 16.0. Result: There was a significant relationship among nurse-doctor collaboration, job autonomy and organizational commitment. The level of appointment, clinical experience and current hospital experience of nurses affected significantly nurse-doctor collaboration, job autonomy and organizational commitment. The age of nurse had the relation nurse-doctor collaboration and organizational commitment. The relationship between the nurse's working area and job autonomy had positive correlation. Conclusions: The findings of study suggest that the program enhancing the collaborated relationship between nurses and doctors is important to improve nurse's job autonomy and organizational commitment under the situation of citizen's demanding more advanced medical service.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the nurses' image perceived by nursing and health allied college students in Korea. Method: The data was collected from October 15th to November 15th, 2004. Subjects were composed of 679 students in three-year Junior College. The data was analyzed by SPSS 12.0 PC+ Win. The difference of nurse' image among departments and locations of Junior College were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test. Result: The mean score of nurses' image 3.1 point of the total 5 point. Nurses' image is showed significantly difference according to the departments; the department of nursing (3.54), physical therapy (3.01), radiology (2.97), emergency medical technology (2.76) and clinical pathology (2.67). Nurses' image was significantly differed among the 4 domains according to 5 departments; 'the qualification of nurse', 'the role of nurse', 'the interpersonal relationship of nurse', 'the social participation of nurse'. Nurses' image formed through directly contacting with nurses' and seeing nurses' action (69.1%), watching nurse in TV drama (15.9%). Conclusion: It is considered that nursing and health allied college students were affected by inter-communications with nurses' more than by mass media.