When the ground is excavated adjacent to the existing tunnel, which is loaded by the surcharge on the ground surface, the tunnel stability would be very sensitive to the deformation of the ground induced by the horizontal displacement of braced wall. The stability of the existing surcharged tunnel could be controlled by pre-loading on the braced wall. In this paper, it was investigated, if it would be possible to keep the existing surcharged tunnel stable by preventing the horizontal displacement of a braced wall by imposing the pre-loading during the ground excavation. For this purpose, large scale model tests were performed in a scale 1/10 at the test pit which was 2.0m in width and 6.0m in height and 4.0m in length. Isotropic test ground was constructed homogeneously by wet sand. Model tunnel was constructed in the test ground. Surcharge was loaded on the ground surface above the tunnel. During the tests, the behavior of model tunnel and model braced wall was measured. Numerical analyses were also performed in the same condition as the tests. And their results were compared to that of the model tests. Consequently, the effect of a surcharge could be compensated by imposing the pre-loading on the braced wall. The existing tunnel and the braced wall could be kept stable by preventing the horizontal displacement of the braced wall through pre-loading, although the tunnel is surcharged.

The trend of constructing skyscraper has arisen to the offistel and apartment complex due to the lack of exploitable land and urbanization. But, the phenomenon of the multi-story buildings is different from the regular building because of the possibility of mass disaster in fire. Therefore, Analyzing and comparing our actual condition and Japanese, It is going to be suggested that the introduction of fire escape ladder for residents in emergency.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the job of the security and secretary, to offer useful basic data throughout human resources management by withdrawing the ability required from the security and secretary based on the analyzed results. In this regard, this study intended to look into the job of the security and secretary, the necessary ability for the job of the security and secretary. To achieve the research goals, the study selected the research participants, composed of 5 secretaries for security with more than 5-year careers after graduating from a security and secretarial service department in a college and conducted an in-depth interview with them concerning their jobs. The in-depth interview data from the 5 participants was applied with a classification analysis used by Spradley (1980). In order to enhance the dependability and validity of the research, the study held an expert meeting composed of 2 persons with a doctoral degree in securities service studies and 1 person with a master's degree in secretarial information studies, twice. Also, the study drew results concerning the job of the security and secretary and the necessary ability of the job. Though the above process, the following conclusions were drawn; the job of the security and secretary includes the areas of job safety, a housing residence job, a health care job, an interpersonal relationships job, an assistant' s job, document and office works, general affairs, and an education job. The necessary ability for the job of the security and secretary involves martial arts abilities, risk management ability, the strict keeping of secrets, decision-making ability, information processing ability, foreign language proficiency, understanding other cultures, communications skills and office work ability.

It has been a growing concern about reusing Sudokwon landfill 2nd site and other sanitary landfills located around the metropolitan areas. In this paper, settlement characteristics of Sudokwon landfill 2nd site were studied by analyzing the data collected over the period of six years. Three equations are combined in order to modeling the long-term settlement behavior of refuse landfill caused by mechanical secondary composition and secondary composition caused by the decomposition of biodegradable refuse. It is suggested that mechanical secondary composition is linear with respect to the logarithm of time. The models proposed by hyperbolic method and Gibson & Lo model, power creep law are considered to be suitable for the long-term prediction value of Sudokwon landfill 2nd site. The fifteen-year-period prediction value of hyperbolic method and Gibson & Lo model is considerably different from that of power creep law model. The average settlement for Block I in Sudokwon 2nd site is approximately 3.9m with 4 steps of final landfill stages.

Our country is consuming huge source of revenue to improve geometric structure of road with a view to improve safety of the road. However, it is more efficient to provide high-quality pavement markings to the road users. For this purpose, in this study, it is considered the optical theory related to retroreflectivity of pavement marking along with the our country's study literature and foreign. And also considered ur country standard related to pavement marking, made pavement marking sample and measured retroreflectivety. For the experiment, it is selected colors of normal temperature-type paints, grading and content of glass bead as experiment factors. After it is made the same conditions like construction spot, measured retroreflectivity according to the combination of factors and analyzed the optimization of factors.

Purpose: The disaster occurs increasingly on the earth and nurses are requested to call out to on-sites or help emergency situation. This descriptive study was done to explore the disaster nursing education in Korea. Method: Data was collected from 116 nursing undergraduate program and 93 colleges responded, and analyzed frequencies and percentiles. Results: There was no institution offering Disaster Nursing titled course. Emergency Nursing was mostly combined with disaster nursing. More half (52.7%) did not deal disaster nursing concept at all, from which half had no plan to open in the near future. The lack of teaching manpower was shown. Recommendation: To meet the nursing need in disaster situation, disaster nursing competencies should be included in nursing major subject at the basic education level to be a registered nurse in Korea.

Purpose: This historical research was done to identify disaster nursing activities during the last 60 years through the most serious disasters during the last 60years(1945-2005) in Korea. Method: Fot the data collection, three of main daily newspaper and The Korean Nurses Association News were reviewed and nurses who were called out to the most serious disaster onsite were interviewed. Results: The nurses were positively involved for setup onsite clinic, mobile medical services, triage, CPR, and psychological support during response and recovery phase, while hardly involved during preparedness phase. Conclusion: The clarification of job description for disaster nursing and developing systematic training program should be followed.

The systematic information management of chemical accidents has been required as a tool for the policy making, system improvement and release of information concerning accident prevention. However, there is not yet a systematic chemical accidents tracking system in Korea, which make confusion among the related government agencies and the parties to accidents that the related statistics are different from each others. In this study, We developed the Chemical Accident Tracking System (CATS) using chemical accident classification which was made up of 12 upper classes, 70 middle classes, 272 lower classes. The CATS is mainly consist list up module, reporting module, searching and statistic module, etc. The CATS is expected to be applied to the information tracking and database system for chemical accidents and improve its manageability.

The conventional non-dig underground structure building method which made an appearance to reduce the social and environmental costs and maximize the efficiency of the social overhead capital facilities could not help being uneconomical because of many problems such as unnecessary excessive excavation, water leakage, obstacle interference, difficulty of curvilinear application and connection complexity between propelled and injected bodies due to indiscriminate application of small and large circular steel pipes without consideration of the site conditions. The T.S.T.M, in which a protruded square tube is applied as a propulsion and injection body in a design that considered site conditions such as ground condition, depth of soil and live load, was able to be economical as it solved the problems of water resistance, minimization of obstacle interference and curvilinearity, and we can see that it can be applied to all grounds by utilizing or complementing the target ground in terms of engineering. Also in configuring the transverse section, it is possible to not only secure excellent structural safety but also implement all of the above engineering characteristics not only in the square cross section but also in the arch cross section, so it was possible to build structures on any section or ground, and we could confirm the LCC reduction effect and the VE effect.