Objectives : This research was projected to verify the validities of needling or moxibustion- acupoints in Illustrated Manual for the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion with the Help of a Bronze Figure bearing Acupuncture Points (IMPAM) and The Classic of Supplementing Life with Acupuncture and moxibustion(CSLAM) Methods; We investigated acupoints which have prohibitions, notices or adverse events when performing needling or moxibustion in IMPAM and CSLAM, then verified it in various literatures and today's medical knowledge. Results; In IMPAM, 2 acupoints were prohibited both needling and moxibustion, 22 acupoints were prohibited from needling and 29 were prohibited from moxibustion. In CSLAM, 3 acupoints were prohibited from both needling and moxibustion, 24 acupoints were prohibited from needling and 31 were prohibited from moxibustion. Most of the prohibition, the notices and adverse events of the acupoints written in IMPAM and CSLAM had medical or philological bases, and the number of them increased compared to that in A-B Classic of Acupunture and Moxibustion(ABCAM). Conslusion : The prohibotions, the notices and the adverse events when performing acupunture or moxibustion in IMPAM and CSLAM reflected the medical experience and knowledge of the time. And the knowledge was increased compared to that in ABCAM.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to discuss the diagnostic classification of the traditional medicine for pilosis, and the hair removal treatments in traditional medicine and its clinical application. Backgrounds : In recent years, appearance and beauty have become main interest that have positioned in the medical area. In clinical Korean medicine, a variety of methods such as moxibustion, superficial bleeding, multiple microneedling, facial meridian massage, herbal medicine facial pack, laser acupuncture, and intense pulsed light (IPL) have been applied. Methods and Results : Pilosis, a condition of abnormal hair growth, is stated for the first time in the publication, [Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases] by Chao Yuan-fang in 610 A.D. It shows that pilosis has been recognised as a disease for ages in Asia. Reviewing several publications, we found multiple approaches to pilosis were already existed in korean medicine. They include internal medicinal classification and its' medications. Acupuncture treatments also focused on regulation of radical causes and superficial removal of abnormal hairs. Specific treatments includes body and ear acupuncture, ear acupressure, hypodermic acupuncture, hypodermic acupuncture injection, laser acupuncture treatment. Physical and chemical methods of hair removal were widely invented. we resulted that significant scientific approaches to pilosis are under way in the korean medical field, and found a variety of medical treatments such as herbal medicines and dermatological methods. Conclusions : Hair removal treatments for pilosis in traditional medicine has a long history. Combined with advanced modern technology it can achieve greater advance in cosmetology.

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate effective treatment point selection method using oppressive pain in acupoints as elementary attempt for standard methodology of clinical acupuncture studies. Methods : Twenty seven subjects with hypertension or within prehypertension category - systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) over 120/80mmHg - were divided into two groups, oppressive pain point treatment group and oppressive painless point treatment group. In oppressive pain point treatment group, single point acupuncture (SPA) was conducted for 16 sessions during 8 weeks on most oppressive painful point among 6 selected acupuncture points used in previous trials and clinic. As a SPA intervention, 15 minutes with deqi sensation- elevating manipulation was conducted on the treatment acupoint. Same process was conducted in oppressive painless point treatment group on most oppressive painless point with subject blinding. Results : Significant reduction was observed in both systolic and diastolic BP after short time intervention (15.5/8.8 mmHg, 10.7/7.1 mmHg, P<0.05, respectively at 1 week) and maintained for 8 weeks intervention period in all groups (12.8/8.0 mmHg, 19.4/12.6 mmHg, P<0.05, respectively). No significant difference of BP change between oppressive pain point treatment group (N=10) and oppressive painless point treatment group (N=9) was observed during 8 weeks study period. Conclusions : SPA treatment as used in this pilot study was effective for lowering BP in mild hypertensive population, but oppressive pain in acupoint had no effect on treatment. This present result suggests the possibility of SPA for hypertension treatment regardless of oppressive pain.

Objectives : The gnarl of Pinus densiflora, called Songjeol in Korea, has been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases such as arthralgia, myalgia and bruise. However, the molecular actions and mechanisms have not been clearly investigated. The aim of this study was to clarify the anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus densiflora gnarl pharmacopuncture (PDGP) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by XTT assay. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by nitrite assay. The mRNA expressions of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation was measured using the fluorescence microscopy. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Results : PDGP inhibited NO production and ROS generation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. At the mRNA level, PDGP suppressed IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and COX-2 expression. On the other hand, PDGP induced HO-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, PDGP suppressed iNOS and Ref-1 protein expression. Conclusions : This result suggests that PDGP can act as a suppressor agent on NO and iNOS through induction of HO-1, and play an useful role in blocking inflammatory responses.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to understand the meaning of meridian in "Woegwasimbeopyogyeol (WGS)" of "The Golden Mirror of Medicine (GMM)". Methods : We compared the meaning of meridian in WGS with in Jagusimbeopyogyeol (JGS) of GMM. Results : Objectivity and clearness is obtained by inserting the meridian and collateral diagram and the partially expanded diagram in WGS and JGS. The meridian song (a quatrain with seven) in WGS is placed at the beginning of the chapter, indicating its importance. Kihyeoldaso of 12 meridians is detailed in WGS, so as to reduce the harmful effect when doctors diagnose, treat and prognose. It is important to understand the meaning of meridian When doctors treat carbunculosis. The symptoms of a disease is classified by parts and shown in diagram, which can play an important role in diagnosis. Conclusions : The WGS follows the meanings of meridian and the complementary structure in JGS.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to assess Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) doctors' awareness and utilization of the case report, based on the opinion that careful observation on the case sometimes provides us with the important information as clinical trial especially in the traditional medicine research field. Methods : A questionnaire study was conducted among TKM doctors who participated in the annual continuous maintenance education (CME) held at 5 regions of the Republic of Korea. Results : Almost 60% of the respondents had read case reports published in medical journals and 67% had openly shared their clinical cases with their colleagues. Of the respondents, 18.6% had been educated on reporting cases, and only 16% had the experience of reporting cases on one's own. However, 32.6% of the respondents had the intention to report cases in the future. These results show significant differences between general physicians who holds a license but no hospital training experience and board certified TKM doctors who have training experience. Conclusions : A majority of TKM doctors have read case reports but holds little experience of having been properly trained. Through this research, it has been found that awareness of case reports is rising in hospital training. Thus, the objective of case report education for TKM doctors who have hospital training experience should be set on encouraging them to do more whereas for doctors without hospital training experience, the objective should be set on making them more exposed to case reports to heighten one's awareness.

Objectives : The purpose of this paper was to suggest new diagnostic method that was to supersede the estimation of electrical properties at acupoints. Thus, we developed the multi- frequencies bioelectrical impedance measurement system so as to analyze the state of bio-ions in body fluid as body compositions, not skin impedance at acupoint. Methods : At low frequency, the current does not penetrate the cell membrane and at high frequency, the current passes through both intracellular and extracellular fluid because of the decreas of cell membrane impedance. To confirm the reflection of composition in extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid of segment such as acupoint, the system was developed to detect the acupoint potential between adjacent two points in the area of LU3, LU4 and LU9 using 5,50 and 200KHz. Results : The detected acupoint potential has been decreased according to elevation of frequency. As a result of correlation of left/right identical acupoint, we observed a high correlation of three types of acupoint potential at multi-frequencies. Moreover, we observed the low correlation at 5KHz, and that was a significant factor to be considered as unbalanced relationship of identical acupoints. Conclusions : On the basis of meridian theoretical point of view, we may infer the acupoint's physiological composition using the multi-frequencies bioelectrical impedance measurement system.

Objectives : The purpose of this research was to develop the magnetic acupuncture system which used solenoid coil for magnetizing acupuncture needle. The system could generate the meridian electric potential (MEP) similar to the potential by manual acupuncture. Thus, we tried to confirm the therapeutic effect that is caused by the MEP generation. Methods : To confirm the MEP, we stimulated the magnetic acupuncture with at 2Hz, $92.7{\pm}2mT$, PEMFs (Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Fields) at ST37 and measured the evoked potential between ST36 and ST41. Also, we conducted a fatigue recovery test using isokinetic exercise in order to identify the therapeutic effect on musculoskeletal disorders. We chose LR9 as a stimulation point. To observe the state of fatigue, we measured the EMG and analyzed median frequency and peak torque for 20minutes. Results : We observed that MEP which incurred from magnetic acupuncture was higher than he reported MEP induced by manual acupuncture. Moreover, its modes were divided into two types by the direction of magnetic flux. When generating magnetic flux in the direction of acupoint, the positive peak voltage of the MEP was generated. In contrast, negative peak voltage of the MEP was generated whenever meganetic flux generated in the outward direction. As a result of fatigue recovery, the median frequency (MF) of the magnetic acupuncture group were recovered faster than that of the non-stimulation group. However, the peak torques of both groups were not restored until after 20 minutes. Conclusions : We confirmed that the magnetic acupuncture system can lead to the MEP similar to manual acupuncture. Moreover, the MEP had a therapeutic effect on the musculoskeletal disorders.

Objectives : This study aims to review randomized controlled trials on acupuncture for shoulder pain according to Jadad Scale and revised STRICTA. Methods : Seven electronic databases including PUBMED, SCOPUS, RISS were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) of acupuncture for shoulder pain. Results : 16 RCTs were included: 14 were published in English and 2 were published in Korean. According to Jadad scale, 15 RCTs had high quality. However, most of the studies could not meet the double blindness criteria. All RCTs meet 12.9 items on average in STRICTA. Conclusions : This systematic review shows four conclusions as follows. Traditional Chinese Medicine is often used in style of acupuncture. Spots of LI15, TE14, GB21 and LI11, stainless steel needle($0.3mm{\times}40mm$), 20 retention time, manual stimulation, $Deqi$, and 2 times a week treatment (total 12) are often used. Double-blinded clinical trials needs to be conducted. It is controversial to use minimal acupunctures on controlled groups of RCTs on acupuncture for shoulder pain. Description about practitioner's background needs clarifying.

저자는 견비통, 요통, 완관절통을 각각 호소하는 환자들을 대상으로 다른 병행치료 없이 피내침만을 시행한 결과 SF-MPQ, VAS, PRS상 모두 통증 지수가 감소하는 일정 효과를 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 다양한 통증 환자에게 피내침을 시행한다면 양호한 임상 경과를 가져올 것으로 사료되며, 향후 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the melanogenesis inhibition effect of Saururus chinensis BAILL (SC) on in B16F10 melanoma cells. Methods : SC was fractionated ethanol extract by the hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. We confirmed the inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis of all fraction samples. Results : Hexane fraction of Saururus chinensis BAILL (HSC), ethyl acetate of SC (ESC), and butanol of SC (BSC) were discovered to inhibit tysoinase activity and melanogenesis in the absence or presence of ${\alpha}$-MSH. However, water fraction of SC (WSC) did not affect tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. In addition, all fractions did not inhibit the catalytic activity of cell-free tyrosinase from B16F10 melanoma cell lines. Conclusions : These results suggest that HSC, ESC and BSC reduce pigmentation by indirectly regulating tyrosinase.

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of invasive laser acupuncture treatment at Liver Brook (LR2) acupoint and Liver Sea (LR8) acupoint on liver damage induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in rats Methods : Liver damage was induced by D-GalN. The experimental rats were divided into two groups (control group, Low Level Laser Treatment (LLLT) group). Control groups were classified into small groups. Intact group had no liver damage and no treatment. D-GalN group was induced liver damage induced by D-GalN and not treated. LLLT group were induced liver damage induced by D-GalN and then treated at the LR2 or LR8 acupoint with 532, 658, 904 nm invasive laser acupuncture. The treatment was carried out three days at a time for 15days at both acupoints. To examine mechanism of the effect of invasive laser acupuncture, we measured the contents of ASP, ALT, ALP, TBIL in serum, CBC in blood and SOD in liver tissue. Results : The change of body weight increased in all groups. That change was AST and ALP, the AST activity decreased significantly compared with the control groups and decreased by 532 nm and 904 nm both LLLT groups. But ALP increased at LR8 acupoint by 658 nm. TBIL level significantly decreased in all LLLT groups. The SOD of LLLT groups increased in the liver tissue of rats compared to the control groups. SOD activity indicated that LLLT can help cellular defense mechanism by preventing scavenging hydrogen peroxide. In the change of WBC, it was increased in D-GalN Control group compared to intact group and LLLT groups. Conclusions : These results suggested that invasive laser acupuncture treatment at LR2 or LR8 acupoint reduced activation of hepatic enzyme and damage of liver tissue. Thus, the effect of invasive laser acupuncture was nearly identical to the way of the traditional acupuncture for the treatment of hepatocytotoxicity.