A study has been performed on perception of citizens about the medical insects (house flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches) in Chang Won city. A total of 375 subjects (male: 180, female: 195) was surveyed in October 1997. Cockroaches were the most dislike of medical insects to the dwellers. At a residence, cockroaches were the most troubled insects although mosquitoes were the most frequently appeared insects. Also, the most troubled insects were the cockroaches at hospitals, departments, coffee shops, and bars; the mosquitoes at theaters and parks; and the house flies at restaurants in the city. The cockroaches had the highest negative opinion score as a 4.4 point of a 5.0 point. About half of the subjects had extremely suffered from the mosquitoes (52.8%) and cockroaches (51.8%). House residents controlled house flies using fly swatters (50.0%) and insecticide sprayers (38.9%), but apartment residents controlled them using the sprayers (50.8%) and fly swatters (36.5%). The mosquitoes were controlled by using the sprayers (51.6%) and mosquito coils (36.4%). The cockroaches were controlled by using toxic baits (32.9%) and the sprayers (31.5%). Only 10% of the subjects were satisfied control management against the medical insects. The subjects wanted to more effectively control against cockroaches (39.9%) and mosquitoes (37.9%).

This is an effort to review epidemiological research on developmental patterns of drinking behavior among youth from adolescence to young adulthood. Selected correlates for changes in drinking behavior include age, antisocial behavior, family influence, and sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. An emphasis is given to the relationship between antisocial behavior and developmental patterns of drinking behavior. Also, this review regards observed particular patterns of drinking behavior as being contextualized by group to which individuals belong.

One of the most fundamental and the oldest issues in the provision of health care throughout the world has been the issue of the role of the public and private sector of health care, and the relationship between them. This paper describes issues associated with the concept of health oriented partnerships in the United Kingdom and seeks to contrast public and private partnerships both in health and in health care. In the United Kingdom it is suggested that health care is conceived by the population to equate to the National Health Service(NHS) with "add on" private health care for certain sectors of the community and within certain well defined clinical parameters. This paper can provide us with valuable information on the characteristics of UK health care systems, current health policies as well as issues relating to the public and private partnerships in health/ health care in the UK, thus offer important policy implications for the improvement of Korean health care system which lacks health-oriented coordinations and partnership between public and private sector very considerably.

It is known that the role of informal support for elderly women is critical to their physical and mental health, adjustment in old age, and their overall life satisfaction. Elderly women's situation such as social losses, widowhood, living alone, and geographic relocation etc. may result in a need for more informal supports for elderly women's health than ever before. Particularly, women's same-sex friendships were rated higher for overall quality, intimacy, enjoyment, and nurturance. Unlike a generally accepted notion that later life for women is a time of isolation and loneliness, elderly women tend to maintain and reestablish their friendship regardless their marital status and living situation. Although studies on informal support for elderly women were inconclusive in many ways, elderly women's friendship tends to be stable despite of changing health status and life events. The relative importance between daughters and friends was also controversial. This study suggests that more research with reliable measurements is necessary for the practical prevention and intervention program of elderly women's health on this issue.

This study explored the understanding of health of people from Korea. Data were collected from a total of eighteen focus groups: Koreans (living in Korea), Korean-Australians, Korean-Americans and Australians. The data were analysed using QSR NUD＊IST. The meaning of health varied among people and it was related to differences in age, culture, gender, marital status and perceived health status of individuals. However, there were several themes common to everybody. All groups included aspects of physical, mental, emotional (and spiritual), environmental and social dimensions in their definitions of health. All young single groups placed more emphasis on physical and lifestyle factors whereas mental and emotional aspects and social responsibility were more associated with health among older married groups. Young women in all cultures felt social pressure to 'look good' and the media was perceived as responsible. Men in general associated health with societal roles and social competition. Health was strongly associated with the economy and economic stability for all Korean groups reflecting the recent adverse economic situation in Korea. This information will be of value to health professionals to provide more effective health services and health promotion programs for clients of Korean ethnicity living in multicultural societies like Australia and America.

As the nation is moving into the 21st century, the fundamental challenge facing local health departments in the United States is to improve the quality of peoples lives by preventing disease, injury, and disability through collaboration with public and private partners. During this century, life expectancy in the United States has increased remarkably from less than 50 years at the turn of the century to 79 years for woman and 72 years for men (CDC 1999; Bunker et al. 1994). Major portions of this gain can be attributed to advances in public health. (omitted)

Before considering health promotion programs carried out in Japan, I would like to explain a summary of today's health conditions of Japan for a while. Current major concern in public health world as well as political or economic world is an aging society. To say more precisely, it would be an aging society with relatively small children's population. Estimated total population is 126,166,000 in 1997. Among these, almost 10％ population loves in Tokyo Metropolitan Area. (omitted)

The term public health is used today when the health of a population is referred to. Before we look at public health, we should know the meaning of health. It is, however a difficult concept to define. The World Health Organisations definition of health, states that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (WHO Constitution 1947). Health, in this context, is placed in an idealistic sphere that is unattainable in everyday life.(omitted)