The purpose of this study was to investigate meal behavior and food preferences of children with different body types. This survey was conducted using a questionnaire for 274 boys and 257 girls in the 6th grade of elementary school in Anyang city. A questionnaire method was used. Food preferences of 14 food groups were tested with 5 likert scale points. Body types were divided with weight-length index(WLI) calculated by height and weight. The cut-off point for the underweight children was 90, and that of the overweight children was 100. The mean weight of the underweight children(26.2%) was 31.9$\pm$4.0kg, and that of the overweight children(26.9%) was 49.4$\pm$6.3kg. The average BMI of overweight children and underweight children was 21.0kg/$m^2$ and 15.5kg/$m^2$respectively. Perceived health status was different based on body types, and more of the overweight children answered they are healthy compared to the underweight children, Body types were not significantly different based on parent's education and occupation. Only 56.7% of the children ate breakfast at a regular time, 60% and 42.9% of the children had their lunch and dinner at regular time, respectively. Higher percentage of overweight children had irregular breakfast(20.1%) and skipped their breakfast and dinner compared to the other groups, however only dinner was statistically significant. The most frequently answered reasons for skipping meals were 'no time to eat'(50%) and 'bad side-dishes'(17.0%). Food preference was not different among the body type groups, however rice-cake was preferred in the underweight group, as well as milk and lettuce were preferred in overweight group. The preferences for milk and grain powdered drink(misitgaru) were same as or a carbonated soft drink. Focusing pubericant, it is necessary to have a regular breakfast. With regard to the importance of nutrition and health for children, the nutrition education for meal behavior and food preference to achieve a balanced diet should be considered.

To investigate the correlation between college women's energy intake and body fat percentage, this study was undertaken with 116 college women aged 19-24 years. The subjects were 20.9 years old on the average, and mean height and weight was 161.3 cm, 51.2 kg. Blood pressures were 112.4 mm Hg(systolic pressure), 70.2 mmHg(diastolic pressure). The number of pulse was 75.5 count/min. The energy intake and percent body fat were examined. The average intake of energy was 7652kcal/day(82.3% of RDA), which was lower than the recommended amount. It was similar to the level of energy intake of Korean women. BMI was 19.7 and body fat percent was 24.4%, so they appeared plump. According to BMI, 43.1% of subjects was grouped into normal, 56.9% was thin ; there was no difference between groups in age and stature. Also, normal group(27.1%) shoed significantly higher body fat percent(27.1%) than thin group(22.3%). But, body fat percent of thin group according to BMI was shown normal. Therefore, it may be thought that BMI is unsuitable indicator in this study. As a result of analyzing the correlation between body-measuring value and food intake, body fat percent against body weight and BMI was significant at the level p<0.001, but thee was no significant correlation with food intake. Therefore, it is desirable to recommend a healthful dietary lifestyle and activities for young women who want to reduce body weight due to excessive concerns regarding their outward figure.

One-hundred thirty-six Chinese men and women who are members of the Malaysian Confucian Association from Kuala Lumpur city and suburbs were included in the study. They have been vegetarians for a mean period of about 6 years with the majority of them(91.2%) at lacto/ovo vegetarians. The average age of the male and female subjects in 33 and 34 years respectively. The mean BMI for the men and women are 22.5$\pm$2.4kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean levels of serum total cholesterol, HDL-chol and LDL-chol for men are 4.27$\pm$0.77, 1,11$\pm$0.26 and 2.60$\pm$0.54mmol/L, while the corresponding values for women are 4.24$\pm$081, 1.34$\pm$0.29 and 2.41$\pm$0.28 mmol/L, All the respondents showed TC/HDL-chol levels within the normal cut-off point of <5.8mmol/L. Majority of the subjects showed normal range levels for serum retinol, carotenoids and $\alpha$-tocopherol. The mean systolic blood pressure for men and women are 122$\pm$16mmHg and 115$\pm$13mmHg, while their diastolic blood pressure are 82$\pm$7mmHg and 79$\pm$7mmHg respectively. Hypertension was found at a higher prevalence in men(17.6%) than among the women(7.1%). None of the respondents smoke cigarettes while approximately two-thirds of them carry out physical exercise at least once a week. their usual dietary intake includes frequent consumption of a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, nuts and legumes. In summary, Malaysian vegetarians have a low cardiovascular risk based on their health-oriented lifestyle.

Lifestyle and dietary behavior intervention as the primary prevention of lipid disorder seems safe and compatible with other treatments of cardiovascular diseases. Cross-sectional associations between lifestyle factors and dietary behavioral factors with plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were analyzed in 189 middle-aged men in Suwon, Korea. Overnight fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were also measured. Lifestyle factors such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency of physical exercise were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. Questions regarding dietary behavior were also asked. The subjects were 43.8%${\pm}$7.9 years old, and 23.8%${\pm}$2.6kg/m$^2$. From stepwise regression analyses, significant correlates with total cholesterol level were body mass index(BMI), alcohol intake(negative), age and coffee drinking(model R$^2$=14.3%). BMI, breakfast-skipping, age, and sleeping hours were significant for triacylglycerol level(model R$^2$=15.8%). BMI, alcohol drinking(negative), age, and coffee drinking were significant for low-density lipoprotein(LDL)(model R$^2$=11.7%). Age(negative), BMI(negative), alcohol drinking, stress level(negative), physical exercise, and cigarette smoking(negative) were significant for high-density lipoprotein(HDL)(model R$^2$=12.1%). From stepwise regression analyses, excluding BMI and age as factors in the model, alcohol intake(negative) and coffee drinking were significantly correlated with total cholesterol level(model R$^2$=4.4%) : breakfast-skipping with triacylglycerol(model R$^2$=3.2%) : alcohol intake (negative) with LDL level(model R$^2$=3.4%) : alcohol intake, physical exercise and stress level(negative) with HDL level(model R$^2$=6.3%). The findings suggest that a healthy daily lifestyle and dietary behavior may have an anti-atherogenic effect by altering plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in middle-aged Korean men. (J Community Nutrition 2(2) : 119∼128, 2000)

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the validity of the BMI as an indicator of obesity for Koreans. The usefulness of the BMI to represent overweight and obesity was evaluated by measuring the relative validity of sensitivity and specificity, and was compared with the validity of triceps skinfold thickness(mm). To measure the relative validity of the BMI and triceps skinfold thickness, body fat(%) was used as a reference measure of obesity. The study population included 844 participants aged 20-69 years who resided in Kuri City in Kyunggi province. Participants were measured regarding weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness and body fat. The prevalence of obesity for male subjects was 32.0%, 66.2%, and 0.9%, and for female subjects, 17.6%, 56.1%, 12.4% based on the BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, and body fat(%) respectively. The prevalence of obesity was higher based on the BMI or triceps skinfold thickness than body fat measurement. The sensitivity and specificity of the BMI were 33.3% and 67.9% in male subjects and 77.7% and 90.8% in female subjects. Sensitivity of the BMI was lower, and specificity was higher than those of triceps skinfold thickness. In summary, BMI as an indicator of obesity for Korean showed a tendency of overestimation of obesity prevalence. Therefore, there is a need to develop a more reliable obesity index other than the BMI for Koreans.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether older Americans would provide valid energy intake information using a 24-hr recall method and to determine which characteristics were predictive of under-report of energy intake. We conducted 24-hour recalls on 83 male and 105 female community-dwelling older adults(66-87y) in the USA to assess energy(EI) and nutrient intakes. Basal metabolic rate(BMR) was calculated from age-and gender-specific equations of Schofield. Under-reporting was defined a priori as EI : BMR<0.9. Subjects volunteered demographic information, underwent depression and cognition exams, and completed a Level II Nutrition Risk Screen. Differences between under- and adequate-reporters were assessed using t-tests for characteristics and macro-nutrient profile. Stepwise regression analyses were used to predict under-reporting status. Under-reporting of EI occurred in 34% of the sample. Neither geriatric depression scale(GDS) score, nor self-reported weight loss were related to under-reporting. On average, under-reporters had higher body mass indices. The most significant variables for the main effect to predict the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate(EI : BMRest) were BMI and age. Using a standard cut-off of 76% of the recommended dietary allowances for Americans, under-reporters were consistently more likely to be classified as having inadequate nutrient, as well as energy, intakes. (J Community 2(2) 135∼140, 2000)

The present study was conducted to assess the dietary and nutritional status of thiamin in fourty-two elderly women. Dietary intake was determined by 24hour recall method and nutritional status of thiamin was determined by measurement of transketolase activity in erythrocytes. Average dietary intake of energy and thiamin were found to be low, and not more than 78% and 63.2% of Recommended dietary allowances(RDA) respectively. Transketolase activity in erythrocytes was distributed in the range of 0.227-0.589mU/mgHb and the mean value and 0.434mU/mgHb. The mean value of Thiamin pyrophosphate effect(TPP effect) was 24.0% and the range was from 9.36% to 83.9%. It appeared that 95% of 42 elderly women were severely or marginally deficient in thiamin status, showing 22 persons to be above 20% and 18 persons to be 15-20% of TPP effect. Transketolase activity and TPP effect did not show any significant correlation with dietary thiamin intake.

This study was designed to develop, implement and evaluate a nutrition education program for elementary school children. Subjects consisted of 47 children in the 6th grade in Seoul, Korea. They received five sessions of nutrition education from June to July, 1999. Topics for nutrition education included function of nutrients, food sources of nutrients, balanced diet, meal planning, and adequate energy intake. Each session lasted 40 minutes. To evaluate program effectiveness, one group pretest-posttest design was used. Subjects were given a pretest and a posttest on nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, eating behavior, and dietary intake. All data were statistically analyzed mainly using the paired t-test and $\chi$$^2$-test. There was a significant difference between pretest and posttest score on nutrition knowledge(p<0.001), subscales of nutrition knowledge including food sources of nutrients, function of nutrients, and balanced diet(p<0.001). These changes in nutrition knowledge were also shown both in boys(p<0.001) and in girls(p<0.001). Eating attitudes, subscales of eating attitudes, and eating behavior were not significantly changed after nutrition education, although some changes were observed in these variables. Dietary intakes were not significantly were not significantly changed after nutrition education for all subjects ; however, different patterns in dietary intakes were observed when examined by sex. There was an increase in nutrient intakes among boys, while there was a significant decrease in nutrient intakes among girls after program implementation. Especially, it was noted that girls had diets deficient in iron, calcium, and vitamin A, even after nutrition education. It was concluded that a five-week nutrition education program can improve nutrition knowledge or some dietary intake, but this might not be enough to induce changes in food attitudes, eating behavior or dietary intakes. It might be necessary to incorporate diverse approaches, targeting sub-groups of children, and follow-up in nutrition education for elementary school children. (J Community Nutrition 2(2) : 146∼158, 2000)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two teaching strategies, benefit appeal, on the nutrition knowledge, attitude toward nutrition and food behavior of 165 university students. We presented university students with either a treat appeal, which emphasized the risks of not-following the recommendations, or a benefit appeal, which emphasized what was to be gained if respondents followed recommendations. We assigned a random sample of 165 students either to a control group or to one of two experimental groups : a threat- or benefit-appeal group. Only respondents in the experimental groups received brochures, but all respondents completed pre- and post- test questionnaires. Students in the benefit appeal group demonstrated significant increases in both nutrition knowledge and more positive attitudes about nutrition education after participation. The control group, however, had no significant increase in knowledge at post-testing. Significant positive correlations resulted at post-testing between nutrition knowledge and attitude, as well as attitude and food behavior for the experimental group. Results from this study suggest that a change in nutrition knowledge precedes a change in attitude. The benefit appeal group appeared to be most effective in changing nutrition knowledge, attitude toward nutrition, and food behavior. (J Community Nutrition 2(2) : 159∼163, 2000)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of taurine supplementation time on the activity of the enzymes metabolizing lipid peroxide in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the purified diet for 7 weeks. They were supplemented with or without 1% taurine in drinking water before or after STZ injection or during all experimental procedure. In comparison to diabetic group without taurine, glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity was decreased in diabetic group supplemented with taurine before STZ injection, and it was increased in diabetic group supplemented with taurine after STZ injection, but the difference was not significant. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity was significantly increased by the injection of STZ. However, the GST activities of diabetic groups exposed to taurine after STZ injection or during all experimental procedure were significantly decreased. Glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activities was significantly decreased by STZ injection. However, only in diabetic group supplemented with taurine before STZ injection, GPx activities was not decreased by the STZ injection. These results suggest that taurine supplementation may change the activities of GSH-related enzymes metabolizing lipid peroxide in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats and that may be helpful for the prevention of diabetic complication.