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The Impact of User Participation-Based Rebalancing on Bike Sharing Systems: An Exploratory Analysis of the Case of Seoul

사용자 참여 재배치가 자전거 공유 시스템에 미치는 영향: 서울시 사례의 탐색적 분석

  • Il-Jung Seo (Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Kyonggi University) ;
  • Jaehee Cho (Department of Information Convergence, Kwangwoon University)
  • 서일정 (경기대학교 소프트웨어경영대학 산업경영공학과) ;
  • 조재희 (광운대학교 인공지능융합대학 정보융합학부)
  • Received : 2025.04.04
  • Accepted : 2025.05.30
  • Published : 2025.08.31

Abstract

This study provides an empirical evaluation of Seoul's citizen-participatory bicycle rebalancing policy and its impact on the bike sharing system. Using a pre-post comparative framework, the analysis draws on a range of quantitative indicators-including operational performance, inventory levels, and network-based measures of connectivity and structure-to offer a multi-dimensional assessment of policy outcomes. Findings reveal that, even after the policy was introduced, operator-led redistribution continued to play a key role, particularly during peak commute hours. This suggests that citizen participation alone may be insufficient to address demand-supply imbalances in high-traffic periods. Inventory analysis shows a decline in the share of optimally stocked stations and a rise in understocked stations, indicating a reduction in overall inventory stability. In some districts, both overstocked and understocked cases increased simultaneously, pointing to a growing polarization in inventory distribution. Network analysis suggests that while the overall connectivity weakened slightly, the fundamental structure of the redistribution network remained intact. However, notable variation emerged at the district level in clustering, assortativity, and reciprocity. These results highlight the context-dependent nature of citizen-based interventions and the need for region-specific strategies. The study underscores the importance of hybrid redistribution models that combine citizen efforts with operator support. Moreover, the proposed metrics and network-based analytical framework offer a practical toolkit for future policy evaluation, operational monitoring, and resource allocation in shared mobility systems.

본 연구는 서울시가 시행한 시민 참여형 자전거 재배치 정책이 자전거 공유 시스템에 미친 영향을 실증적으로 평가하였다. 정책 시행 전후를 비교하는 방식으로, 운영 지표, 재고 수준, 재배치 네트워크의 연결성과 구조 지표 등 다양한 정량 지표를 활용하여 정책 효과를 다층적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 정책 시행 이후에도 운영자의 회수 및 배송 활동은 특정 시간대와 지역에서 유지되었으며, 특히 출퇴근 시간대에는 시민 참여만으로 수급 불균형을 해소하기 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 재고 분석에서는 적정 재고 비율이 감소하고 과소 재고 비율이 증가하여 전반적인 재고 안정성이 저하되었으며, 일부 지역에서는 과다·과소 재고가 동시에 증가하는 양극화 현상도 확인되었다. 네트워크 분석에서는 전체 연결 강도는 다소 약화되었으나 구조는 유지되었고, 지역별로 군집성, 동류성, 상호성 등에서 상이한 변화가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 시민 참여 정책의 효과가 지역별 수요 구조와 참여 역량에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 시사하며, 지역별 맞춤형 전략과 시민과 운영자가 협력하는 혼합형 재배치 체계의 필요성을 제기한다. 또한, 본 연구에서 제시한 정량 지표와 네트워크 분석 틀은 향후 정책 평가와 의사결정에 활용 가능한 실용적 도구일 뿐만 아니라, 시민 참여 정책의 구조적 효과를 실증적으로 평가할 수 있는 방법론적 기반을 제공한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2024년도 광운대학교 교내학술연구비 지원에 의해 수행되었음.

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