Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology (광물과 암석)

The Petrological Society of Korea & The Mineralogical Society of Korea (한국암석학회 & 한국광물학회)
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Eruption Precursors and Volcanic Activities of Fissure Eruptions on Sundhnúkur, Iceland between 2023 and 2024

아이슬란드 순드누쿠르(Sundhnúkur)에서 2023-2024년 발생한 틈새 분화의 전조현상과 화산활동

  • Cheolwoo Chang (Volcano Specialized Research Center, Pusan National University)
  • 장철우 (부산대학교 화산특화연구센터)
  • Received : 2024.09.10
  • Accepted : 2024.09.26
  • Published : 2024.09.30
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Abstract

Iceland is located at the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean and there are about 130 volcanoes. Volcanoes in Iceland that are predominantly active include the Reykjanes Volcano Belt, the West Volcanic Zone, the Mid-Island Belt, the East Volcanic Zone, the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Öræfi Volcanic Belt, and the Snæfellsnes Volcanic Belt. In these regions, there are over 30 volcanic systems, each of which is primarily composed of central volcanoes and fissures surrounding them. Since October 24th in 2023, an intensive earthquake swarm in the Svartsengi Volcanic System of the Reykjanes Volcano Belt had been detected by the Icelandic Meteorological Administration's monitoring system. Furthermore, surface uplift near Blue Lagoon which is located about 1.5 km northwest of Þorbjörn, was observed in cGPS data and inSAR images, suggesting magma intrusions in the area. On November 10th, 2023, the frequency and intensity of earthquakes increased, and more than 20,000 earthquakes were recorded with the maximum magnitude M5.3. (the same comment as above) Eventually, fissure eruptions with lava fountains up to 100 m high started in the Sundhnúkur fissure row of the Svarthenghi volcanic system on December 18th, 2023. The eruption ended on December 21st, but a new eruption occurred on January 14th, 2024. Eruptions continued to occur in February, March, May, and August in this area. The volcanic unrest in this area that can lead to future eruptions continues as of September 2024.

아이슬란드는 북대서양 중앙에 위치하고 있으며 약 130여개의 화산이 존재한다. 아이슬란드의 화산활동이 주로 일어나는 화산지대는 레이캬네스 화산 벨트, 서부 화산지대, 중부 아이슬란드 벨트, 동부 화산지대 및 북부 화산지대, 외라이비 화산벨트, 그리고 스나이펠스네스 화산벨트가 있다. 이들 지역 내부에는 주로 중심화산과 그 주변의 틈새로 구성된 화산계들이 존재하며 그 숫자는 30개 이상이다. 2023년 10월 24일부터 레이캬네스 화산 벨트에 속하는 스바르첸기 화산계에서 발생한 강력한 군발지진이 아이슬란드기상청의 분화전조현상 감시 시스템에 포착되었다. 또한 연속GPS 데이터와 간섭합성개구레이더 영상으로 쏘르비욘에서 북서쪽으로 약 1.5 km 떨어진 블루 라군 인근 지역의 지표면 융기가 관측되어 이 지역에서 마그마 관입이 발생했음을 시사하였다. 2023년 11월 10일에는 지진의 빈도 및 강도가 증가하여 20,000회 이상의 지진이 기록되었으며 최대 규모는 M5.3에 이르렀다. 결국 2023년 12월 18일 스바르첸기 화산계의 순드누쿠르 틈새 분화구열에서 최대 100 m 높이의 용암 분천을 동반한 틈새 분화가 발생하였다. 12월 18일의 용암 분출은 12월 21일에 종료되었으나, 2024년 1월 14일 새로운 분화가 발생하였다. 이 지역에서는 2월, 3월, 5월, 8월에도 계속해서 분화가 발생하였고 2024년 9월 현재에도 분화로 이어질 수 있는 화산 불안정이 지속되고 있다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 기상청 기상·지진 See-At 기술개발연구사업(KMI2018-02710)의 지원으로 수행되었습니다. 본 논문에 대하여 세심하고 건설적인 지적과 의견을 주신 심사위원 및 편집위원장께 감사드립니다.

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