DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Perceived Control on Boredom

  • Juhui Kim (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Jiyeong Baek (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Minju Gu (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Jisoo Kim (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Hyejoo Lee (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University)
  • Received : 2024.06.19
  • Accepted : 2024.09.05
  • Published : 2024.09.30

Abstract

This study aims to examine the impact of perceived control on individuals' state boredom. We hypothesized that perceived control is negatively correlated with state boredom and is anticipated to be a significant predictor of state boredom after controlling for pre-task boredom. An experiment was conducted with 98 university students. All participants engaged in an identical task designed to induce boredom, with only participants in the experimental group given a choice during the task to enhance their perceived control. Correlational analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between perceived control and state boredom. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that perceived control remained a significant predictor of post-task boredom even after controlling for pre-task boredom. The study concludes with a discussion of the limitations, the implications of the findings, and suggestions for future research.

Keywords

References

  1. R. F. Farmer, and N. D. Sundberg, "Boredom and boredom proneness". In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (4th ed., pp. 249-250). Wiley, 2010.
  2. J. D. Eastwood, A. Frischen, M. J. Fenske and D. Smilek, "The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention," Perspectives on psychological science, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 482-495, 2012.
  3. Park Jinyoung, "Why You Can Feel Bored Even When You're Busy", Donga Science, March 5, 2022.
  4. J. Danckert and J. D. Eastwood, Out of My Skull: The Psychology of Boredom, Being, pp. 56, 2022.
  5. B. F. Chorpita and D. H. Barlow, "The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment," Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 124, No. 1, pp. 3-21, 1998.
  6. W. A. Van Tilburg and E. R. Igou, "Can boredom help? Increased prosocial intentions in response to boredom," Self and Identity, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 82-96, 2017.
  7. G. R. Kim, S. W. Chung, I. C. Choi, and E. S. Choi, "Bored in Korea: using daily experience sampling method," Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 189-213, 2023.
  8. S. A. Fahlman, K. B. Mercer-Lynn, D. B. Flora, and J. D. Eastwood, "Development and Validation of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale," Assessment, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 68-85, 2013.
  9. J. A. Hunter, K. J. Dyer, R. A. Cribbie, and J. D. Eastwood, "Exploring the utility of the multidimensional state boredom scale," European Journal of Psychological Assessment, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 241-250, 2015.
  10. Y. J. Kim, S. H. Park, H. C. Gwon, J. H. Kim, H. M. Choi, and H. J. Lee, "Effects of Meaning Making Activities on State Boredom," International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology (IJACT), Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 113-121, 2023.
  11. S. H. Park, Y. J. Kim, H. M. Choi, S. H. Lee, H. C. Kwon, and H. J. Lee. "The Effects of Self-Control Behaviors on Boredom," International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology (IJACT), Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 63-73, 2023.
  12. C. Sansone, C. Weir, L. Harpster, and C. Morgan, "Once a boring task always a boring task? Interest as a self-regulatory mechanism," Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 379, 1992.
  13. S. A. Fahlman, K. B. Mercer, P. Gaskovski, A. E. Eastwood, and J. D. Eastwood, "Does a lack of life meaning cause boredom? Results from psychometric, longitudinal, and experimental analyses," J. Soc. Clinic. Psychol. 28, pp. 307-340, 2009.
  14. W. van Tilburg and E. Igou, "On boredom and social identity: a pragmatic meaning-regulation approach," Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. Vol. 37, pp. 1679-1691, 2012, W. A. P. van Tilburg, and E. R. Igou, "On boredom: lack of challenge and meaning as distinct boredom experiences," Motiv. Emot. 36, pp. 181-194, 2011.
  15. H. M. Heo and H. I. Cho, "The Boredom in Academic Context: Concepts, Characteristics, and Educational Implications," The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 603-633, 2020.
  16. J. F. O'Hanlon, "Boredom: Practical consequences and a theory," Acta Psychologica, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 53-82, 1981.
  17. W. Schaufeli and M. Salanova, "Burnout, Boredom and Engagement in the Workplace," En M., Peeters, J. de Jonge y T., Taris (Eds.). An Introduction to Contemporary Work Psychology (pp. 293-320). Wiley, 2014.
  18. W. L. Mikulas and S. J. Vodanovich, "The essence of boredom," The Psychological Record, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 3-12, 1993.
  19. R. A. Smith, B. S. Wallston, J. E. King, K. A. Wallston, and M. Zylstra et al., Individual differences in control attitudes and responses to control over aspects of daily living by surgical patients, Unpub. manuscript. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA., 1986.
  20. K. A. Wallston, R. A. Smith, T. G. Burish, B. S. Wallston, P. D. Rye, J. E. King, S. Smith, and S. O'Connell, Interaction of desire for control and choice of antiemetic treatment for cancer chemotherapy. Unpub. manuscript. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. USA., 1986.
  21. R. Schulz, "Effects of control and predictability on the physical and psychological well-being of the institutionalized aged," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 563-573, 1976.
  22. A. Bandura, "Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change," Psychological Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 191-215, 1977.
  23. K. A. Wallston and E. Wonnor, The initial development and validation of the Smoking Cessation Locus of Control scale. Unpub. manuscript. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. USA., 1987.
  24. A. A. Struk, A. A. Scholer, and J. Danckert, "Perceptions of Control Influence Feelings of Boredom." Frontiers in psychology, Vol. 12, Front. Psychol., 9 July 2021.
  25. K. S. Wang, Y. Y. Yang, and M. R. Delgado, "How perception of control shapes decision making," Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 41, pp. 85-91, October 2021.
  26. K. C. Nam and M. S. Yi, "The Moderating Effect of Acceptance on the Relationship between Perceived Task Control and Affective Well-Being: A Test of Warr's Vitamin Model," Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nov. 2005.
  27. J. Metcalfe, T. S. Eich, and D. B. Miele, "Metacognition of agency: Proximal action and distal outcome," Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 229, pp. 485-496, 29 January 2013.
  28. M. J. Dicintio and S. Gee, "Control is the key: unlocking the motivation of at-risk students," Psychology in the Schools, Vol. 36, Issue. 3, pp. 231-237, 1999.
  29. S. Suzuki, "Effect of number of alternative on choice in humans," Behavioural Processes, Vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 205-214, February, 1997.
  30. L. Kanevsky and T. Keighley, "To produce or not to produce? Understanding boredom and the honor in underachievement," Roeper Review, Vol. 26, Issue. 1, pp. 20-28, 2003.
  31. U. E. Nett, T. Goetz, and L. M. Daniels, "What to do when feeling bored?: students' strategies for coping with boredom," Learning and Individual Differences, Vol. 20, Issue. 6, pp. 626-638, 2010.
  32. Pekrun, Reinhard, Goetz, Thomas, Daniels, M. Lia, Stupnisky, H. Robert, Perry, and P. Raymond, "Boredom in achievement settings: exploring control-value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion," Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 102, Issue. 3, pp. 531-549, 2010.
  33. S. Roth and L. Kubal, "Effects of noncontingent reinforcement on tasks of differing importance: facilitation and learned helplessness," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 680-691, 1975.
  34. R. Troutwine and E. C. O'Neal, "Volition, performance of a boring task and time estimation," Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 52, Issue. 3, pp. 865-866, 1981.
  35. J. D. Watt and S. J. Vodanovich, "Boredom proneness and psychosocial development," Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, Vol. 133, Issue. 3, pp. 303-314, 1999.
  36. J. R. Hackman and G. R. Oldham, "Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 16, Issue. 2, pp. 250-279, August 1976.