Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (no. 2021M2D2A1A03048950).
References
- K.M. Kim, Y.S. Jeong, I.C. Bang, Thermal analysis of lithium ion battery-equipped smartphone explosions, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 22 (2) (2019) 610-617.
- X. Tang, Z. Quan, Y. Zhao, Experimental investigation of solar panel cooling by a novel micro heat pipe array, Energy Power Eng. 2 (3) (2010) 171-174.
- K.M. Kim, I.C. Bang, Heat transfer characteristics and operation limit of pressurized hybrid heat pipe for small modular reactors, Appl. Therm. Eng. 112 (2017) 560-571.
- I.G. Kim, I.C. Bang, Spent nuclear fuel with a hybrid heat pipe for electricity generation and thermal management, Energy Convers. Manag. 173 (2018) 233-243.
- C. Wang, J. Chen, S. Qiu, W. Tian, D. Zhang, G.H. Su, Performance analysis of heat pipe radiator unit for space nuclear power reactor, Ann. Nucl. Energy 103 (2017) 74-84.
- J.Y. Kim, Y.Y. Park, I.C. Bang, Performance analysis of heat pipe-based passive incore decay heat removal system for the small modular reactor design with MARSKS code, Ann. Nucl. Energy 194 (2023) 110091.
- K.M. Kim, Y.S. Jeong, I.G. Kim, I.C. Bang, Development of passive in-core cooling system for nuclear safety using hybrid heat pipe, Nucl. Technol. 196 (3) (2016) 598-613.
- D.I. Poston, The heatpipe-operated Mars exploration reactor (HOMER), AIP Conf. Proc. 552 (No. 1) (2001, February) 797-804. American Institute of Physics.
- M.S. El-Genk, J.M.P. Tournier, "SAIRS"-scalable Amtec integrated reactor space power system, Prog. Nucl. Energy 45 (1) (2004) 25-69.
- M.S. El-Genk, J.M. Tournier, Performance analysis of potassium heat pipes radiator for HP-STMCs space reactor power system, AIP Conf. Proc. 699 (No. 1) (2004, February) 793-805. American Institute of Physics.
- A. Bushman, D.M. Carpenter, T.S. Ellis, S.P. Gallagher, M.C. Hershcovitch, M. C. Hine, M.A. Stawicki, The Martian Surface Reactor: an Advanced Nuclear Power Station for Manned Extraterrestrial Exploration, MIT-NSA-TR-003, 2004.
- D. Palac, M. Gibson, L. Mason, M. Houts, P. McClure, R. Robinson, Nuclear Systems Kilopower Overview (No. GRC-E-DAA-TN29740), 2016.
- P.R. Mcclure, D.I. Poston, V.R. Dasari, R.S. Reid, Design of Megawatt Power Level Heat Pipe Reactors, Report of Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, 2015.
- A. Levinsky, J.J. van Wyk, Y. Arafat, M.C. Smith, Westinghouse eVinci reactor for off-grid markets, Transactions 119 (1) (2018) 931-934.
- H. Yang, C. Wang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Parameter sensitivity study on startup characteristics of high temperature potassium heat pipe, Nucl. Eng. Des. 392 (2022) 111754.
- H. Sun, X. Liu, H. Liao, C. Wang, J. Zhang, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G. Su, Experiment study on thermal behavior of a horizontal high-temperature heat pipe under motion conditions, Ann. Nucl. Energy 165 (2022) 108760.
- Z. Tian, J. Zhang, C. Wang, K. Guo, Y. Liu, D. Zhang, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Experimental evaluation on heat transfer limits of sodium heat pipe with screen mesh for nuclear reactor system, Appl. Therm. Eng. 209 (2022) 118296.
- L.H. Cisterna, M.C. Cardoso, E.L. Fronza, F.H. Milanez, M.B. Mantelli, Operation regimes and heat transfer coefficients in sodium two-phase thermosyphons, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 152 (2020) 119555.
- C. Wang, L. Zhang, X. Liu, S. Tang, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Experimental study on startup performance of high temperature potassium heat pipe at different inclination angles and input powers for nuclear reactor application, Ann. Nucl. Energy 136 (2020) 107051.
- Z. Tian, X. Liu, C. Wang, D. Zhang, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Experimental investigation on the heat transfer performance of high-temperature potassium heat pipe for nuclear reactor, Nucl. Eng. Des. 378 (2021) 111182.
- C. Wang, X. Liu, M. Liu, S. Tang, Z. Tian, D. Zhang, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G. Su, Experimental study on heat transfer limit of high temperature potassium heat pipe for advanced reactors, Ann. Nucl. Energy 151 (2021) 107935.
- Y. Ma, H. Yu, S. Huang, Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, C. Wang, R. Zhong, X. Chai, C. Zhu, X. Wang, Effect of inclination angle on the startup of a frozen sodium heat pipe, Appl. Therm. Eng. 201 (2022) 117625.
- R. Manoj, M. Kumar, R. Narasimha Rao, K. Rama Narasimha, P.V.S. Suresh, Performance evaluation of sodium heat pipe through parameteric studies, Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP) 3 (4) (2013).
- A.A. El-Nasr, S.M. El-Haggar, Effective thermal conductivity of heat pipes, Heat Mass Tran. 32 (1-2) (1996) 97-101.
- S. Mahjoub, A. Mahtabroshan, Numerical Simulation of a conventional heat pipe, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 39 (2008) 117-122.
- Z. Tian, C. Wang, J. Huang, K. Guo, D. Zhang, X. Liu, G.H. Su, W. Tian, S. Qiu, Code development and analysis on the operation of liquid metal high temperature heat pipes under full condition, Ann. Nucl. Energy 160 (2021) 108396.
- T. Kaya, J. Goldak, Numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in the capillary structure of a loop heat pipe, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 49 (17-18) (2006) 3211-3220.
- A.B. Solomon, M. Sekar, S.H. Yang, Analytical expression for thermal conductivity of heat pipe, Appl. Therm. Eng. 100 (2016) 462-467.
- C. Wang, Z. Zhang, M. Zhang, P. Li, Z. Tian, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Numerical evaluation of non-condensable gas influence on the heat transfer characteristics of high-temperature lithium heat pipe during reactor operation, Ann. Nucl. Energy 173 (2022) 109077.
- I.J. Jin, Y.Y. Park, I.C. Bang, Heat transfer performance prediction for heat pipe using deep learning based on wick type, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 197 (2024) 108806.
- I.J. Jin, I.C. Bang, Deep learning based thermal performance optimization for the liquid metal heat pipe, in: Proceeding of International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-20), Washington D.C., 2023.
- K. Kumararaja, C.S. Khiran Kumar, B. Sivaraman, A convolutional neural network analysis of a heat pipe with Hybrid Nanofluids, Int. J. Ambient Energy (2021) 1-13.
- V.M. Patel, H.B. Mehta, Thermal performance prediction models for a pulsating heat pipe using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Regression/Correlation Analysis (RCA), Sadhana 43 (11) (2018) 1-16.
- Y. Naresh, Numerical investigation on the heat transfer performance and optimisation of a finned heat pipe using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm, Int. J. Ambient Energy 43 (1) (2022) 2231-2238.
- X. Wang, B. Li, Y. Yan, N. Gao, G. Chen, Predicting of thermal resistances of closed vertical meandering pulsating heat pipe using artificial neural network model, Appl. Therm. Eng. 149 (2019) 1134-1141.
- C. Oh, S. Han, J. Jeong, Time-series data augmentation based on interpolation, Procedia Computer Science 175 (2020) 64-71.
- Q. Wen, L. Sun, F. Yang, X. Song, J. Gao, X. Wang, H. Xu, Time Series Data Augmentation for Deep Learning: A Survey, 2020 arXiv preprint arXiv: 2002.12478. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/631
- H. Chen, W. Han, D. Yang, S. Poria, DoubleMix: Simple Interpolation-Based Data Augmentation for Text Classification, 2022 arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.05297.
- B. Yegnanarayana, Artificial Neural Networks, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, 2009.
- S. Albawi, T.A. Mohammed, S. Al-Zawi, Understanding of a convolutional neural network, in: 2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), Ieee, 2017, August, pp. 1-6.
- S.M. Lundberg, S.I. Lee, A unified approach to interpreting model predictions, Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 30 (2017).
- D.H. Lee, I.C. Bang, Experimental investigation of thermal behavior of overfilled sodium heat pipe, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 215 (2023) 124449.
- Z. Tian, C. Wang, J. Huang, K. Guo, D. Zhang, X. Liu, G.H. Su, W. Tian, S. Qiu, Code development and analysis on the operation of liquid metal high temperature heat pipes under full condition, Ann. Nucl. Energy 160 (2021) 108396.
- Z. Zhang, X. Chai, C. Wang, H. Sun, D. Zhang, W. Tian, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Numerical investigation on startup characteristics of high temperature heat pipe for nuclear reactor, Nucl. Eng. Des. 378 (2021) 111180.