Acta Via Serica

계명대학교 실크로드연구원 (Academia Via Serica)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Sanskrit Inscriptions in Northeastern Indian Scripts in Premodern Java and the Maritime Asian Networks of Mahāyāna Buddhist Tantra

  • Andrea ACRI (Religious Studies section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL University, Groupe de Recherches en Etudes Indiennes (GREI, EA2120))
  • 발행 : 2024.06.15
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

This survey explores artifacts like steles, metal or stone statues, metal foils, and coins, bearing inscriptions in the Sanskrit language and Siddhamātṛkā (or "Siddham"), Nāgarī, and Proto-Bengali/Gauḍī scripts produced in Java between the 8th and 13th century CE, contextualizing them against the background of the pan-Asian networks of Tantric Buddhism or Mahāyāna Buddhist Tantra and especially its circulation along the maritime "Silk Routes." Discussing the interrelationship between languages, scripts, religions, and politics in Java and relevant regions of the wider Buddhist world, it tries to answer questions concerning foreign or local agency and audience as well as transregional connectivity. In particular, it argues that the quick spread of varieties of Mahāyāna/Mantrayāna Buddhism from the Subcontinent to Java and East Asia during a "first wave" from the 8th to the 9th century appears to have occurred in parallel with the diffusion of Siddhamātṛkā script in those locales, whereas a "second wave" of Tantric Buddhism linking the Indo-Tibetan and East Asian Buddhist world is associated with Nāgarī and Proto-Bengali/Gauḍī script in East Java.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR), project MANTRA-Maritime Asian Networks of Buddhist Tantra (ANR-22-CE27-0015).

참고문헌

  1. Acharya, Diwakar, and Nina Mirnig, "A Rastrakuta King in the Kathmandu Valley: Reassessing Late Licchavi History in the Light of a Newly Deciphered Eighth-Century Inscription." Journal of the American Oriental Society 143, no. 1 (2023): 87-108. https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.1.2023.ar005
  2. Acri, Andrea. "On Birds, Ascetics, and Kings in Central Java: Ramayana Kakawin, 24.95-126 and 25." Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 166, no. 4 (2010): 475-506. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003611
  3. Acri, Andrea. "More on Birds, Ascetics, and Kings in Central Java: Kakawin Ramayana, 24.111-115 and 25.19-22." In From Laṅka Eastwards: The Ramayana in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia, edited by Andrea Acri, Helen Creese, and Arlo Griffiths, 53-91. Leiden: KITLV, 2011.
  4. Acri, Andrea. "Introduction: Esoteric Buddhist Networks along the Maritime Silk Routes, 7th-13th Centuries CE." In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons, edited by Andrea Acri, 1-25. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2016.
  5. Acri, Andrea. "Maritime Buddhism." Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Religion, December 20, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638.
  6. Acri, Andrea, and Aleksandra Wenta. "A Buddhist Bhairava? Krtanagara's Tantric Buddhism in Transregional Perspective." Entangled Religions 13, no. 2 (2022): https://doi.org/10.46586/er.13.2022.9653.
  7. Aichele, Walther. "Vergessene Metaphern als Kriterien der Datierung des altjavanischen Ramayana" [Forgotten metaphors as criteria for dating the old Javanese Ramayana]. Oriens Extremus 16, no. 2 (1969): 127-66.
  8. Bernet Kempers, August J. Ancient Indonesian Art. Amsterdam: van der Peet, 1959.
  9. Bosch, F.D.K. "Gouden vingerringen uit het Hindoe-Javaansche tijdperk" [Hindu-Javaneseera gold finger rings]. Djawa 7 (1927): 305-20.
  10. Bosch, F.D.K. "De inscriptie van Kĕloerak" [The inscription of Kelurak]. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 68 (1928): 1-64.
  11. Bosch, F.D.K. "Twee belangrijke aanwinsten van het Batavia'sche Museum" [Two major acquisitions of the Batavian Museum]. In Feestbundel van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 39-48. Weltevreden: G. Kolff & Co, 1928.
  12. Chandawimala, Rangama. Buddhist Heterodoxy of the Abhayagiri Sect: A Study of the School of Abhayagiri in Ancient Sri Lanka. Saarbrucken: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013.
  13. Coedes, George. "Note sur une stele indienne d'epoque Pala decouverte a Ayudhya (Siam)" [Notes on an Indian stele of the Pala period discovered in Ayudhya (Siam)]. Artibus Asiae 22, no. 1-2 (1959): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/3249138
  14. Copp, Paul. "Prajna." In Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, edited by Charels D. Orzech, Henrik H. Sorensen, and Richard K. Payne, 360-62. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2011.
  15. Damais, Louis-Charles. "VI. Etudes javanaises: II. Le nom de la deite tantrique de 1214 Saka" [VI. Javanese studies: II. The name of the Tantric deity of 1214 Saka]. Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient 50, no. 2 (1962): 407-16. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1962.1539
  16. Damais, Louis-Charles. "Bibliographie indonesienne, V. Publications du Service archeologique de l'Indonesie" [Indonesian bibliography, V. Publications of the Archaeological Service of Indonesia]. Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme Orient 51, no. 2 (1963): 535-82.
  17. De Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertus. Inscripties uit de Cailendra-tijd. Prasasti Indonesia 1 [Inscriptions from the Sailendra-era. Prasasti Indonesia 1]. Bandung: A.C. Nix & Co., 1950.
  18. De Casparis, Johannes G. Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D. Prasasti Indonesia 2. Bandung: Masa Baru, 1956.
  19. De Casparis, Johannes G. Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to c. A.D. 1500. Leiden: Brill, 1975.
  20. De Casparis, Johannes G. "Some Aspects of the Expansion of NagariScript in South and Southeast Asia." In South Asia 1: 30th International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, edited by G. de la Lama, 123-38. Mexico City: El Colegio de Mexico, 1982.
  21. Deeg, Max. "Has Huichao Been Back to India? On a Chinese Inscription on the Back of a Pala Bronze and the Chronology of Indian Esoteric Buddhism." In From Turfan to Ajanta: Festschrift for Dieter Schlinglof on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday, edited by Eli Franco and Monika Zin, 197-213. Kathmandu: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2010.
  22. Degroot, Veronique. "The ArchaeologicalRemains of Ratu Boko: From Sri Lankan Buddhism to Hinduism." Indonesia and the Malay World 34, no. 98 (2006): 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810600652196
  23. Desoutter, Delphine. Printing the Faith in Southeast Asia: The Buddhist Production of Seals and Stupas (7th-13th Century CE), Vol. 1: Text. PhD dissertation, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 2017. https://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA142.
  24. Dine, Susan. Sanskrit Beyond Text: The Use of Bonji (Siddham) in Mandala and Other Imagery in Ancient and Medieval Japan. PhD dissertation, University of Washington, 2012.
  25. Esteve, Julia, and Dominique Soutif. "Les Yasodharasrama, marqueurs d'empire et bornes sacrees. Conformite et specificite des steles digraphiques khmeres de la region de Vat Phu." [The Yasodharasramas, markers of empire and sacred milestones. Conformity and specificity of Khmer digraphic stelae from the Vat Phu region]. Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient 97-98 (2010-2011): 331-55. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.2010.6137
  26. Filliozat, Jean. "Emigration of Indian Buddhists to Indo-China c. A.D. 1200." In Studies in Asian History: Proceedings of the Asian History Congress 1961, edited by Kishori S. Lal, 45-48. New Delhi: Asia Publishing House, 1969.
  27. Flecker, Michael. The Archaeological Excavation of the 10th Century "Intan Shipwreck." Oxford: Archaeopress, 2002.
  28. Fontein, Jan, ed. The Sculpture of Indonesia. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art; New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1990.
  29. Fontein, Jan, R. Soekmono, and Satyawati Suleiman. Ancient Indonesian Art of the Central and Eastern Javanese Periods, edited by Jan Fontein, R. Soekmono, and Satyawati Suleiman. New York: Asia House Gallery Publication, 1971.
  30. Formigatti, Camillo A. "A Forgotten Chapter in South Asian Book History? A Bird's Eye View of Sanskrit Print Culture." In Tibetan Printing: Comparison, Continuities, and Change, edited by Diemberger, Hildegard, Karl Ehrhard, and Peter F. Kornicki, 72-134. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2016.
  31. Francis, Emmanuel. "North Indian Scripts & South Indian Kings." Hypotheses, February 1, 2013. https://rcsi.hypotheses.org/288#identifier_3_288.
  32. Francis, Emmanuel. "Imperial Languages and Public Writings in Tamil South India: A Bird's-Eye View in the Very Longue Duree." In Primary Sources and Asian Pasts, edited by Peter C. Bisschop and Elizabeth A. Cecil, 152-83. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2021.
  33. Frasch, Tilman. "A Pali Cosmopolis? Sri Lanka and the Theravada Buddhist Ecumene, c. 500-1500." In Sri Lanka at the Crossroads of History, edited by Zoltan Biedermann and Alan Strathern, 66-76. London: UCL Press, 2017.
  34. Friederich, Rudolf H. "Javaansche Oudheden: Twee Sanskrit-inscriptien gevonden op godenbeelden in het museum van het Bataviaasch Genootschap" [Javanese antiquities: Two Sanskrit inscriptions found on idols in the museum of the Bataviaasch Society]. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen 23 (1850): 1-9.
  35. Giebel, Rolf. "Notes on Some Sanskrit Texts Brought Back to Japan by Kukai." Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, third series, no. 14 (2013): 187-230.
  36. Goodall, Dominic. "What Information Can Be Gleaned from Cambodian Inscriptions about Practices Relating to the Transmission of Sanskrit Literature?" In Indic Manuscript Cultures through the Ages: Material, Textual, and Historical Investigations, edited by Vincenzo Vergiani, Daniele Cuneo, and Camillo A. Formigatti, 132-60. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2017.
  37. Griffiths, Arlo. "The Epigraphical Collection of Museum Ranggawarsita in Semarang (Central Java, Indonesia)," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 168, no. 4 (2012): 472-96. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003553
  38. Griffiths, Arlo. "Written Traces of the Buddhist Past: Mantras and Dharanis in Indonesian Inscriptions." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 77 (2014): 137-94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X14000056
  39. Griffiths, Arlo. "Inscriptions of Sumatra, III: The Padang Lawas Corpus Studied along with Inscriptions from Sorik Merapi (North Sumatra) and Maura Takus (Riau)." In History of Padang Lawas, North Sumatra. II: Societies of Padang Lawas (9th c.-13th c.), edited by Daniel Perret, 211-62. Paris: Association Archipel, 2014.
  40. Griffiths, Arlo, Nicolas Revire, andRajat Sanyal. "An Inscribed Bronze Sculpture of a Buddha in Bhadrasana at Museum Ranggawarsita in Semarang (CentralJava, Indonesia)." Arts Asiatiques 68 (2013): 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2013.1809
  41. Groeneveldt, Willem P. and Jan L.A. Brandes. Catalogus der Archeologische Verzameling van het Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen [Catalogue of the Archaeological Collection of the Bataviaasch Society of Arts and Sciences]. Batavia: Albrecht & Co., 1887.
  42. Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. "Buddhist Nikayas in Medieval Ceylon." Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies 9 (1966): 55-66.
  43. Houben, Jan, and Saraju Rath. "Some Siddham Inscriptions in China: Palaeography and Ritual Function." Oriental Epigraphy 36, no. 3-4 (2021): 76-94.
  44. Hudaya Kandahjaya. A Study on the Origin and Significance of Borobudur. PhD dissertation, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, 2004.
  45. Jordaan, Roy E. "The Tara Temple of Kalasan in Central Java." Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient 85 (1998): 163-83. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1998.2547
  46. Jordaan, Roy E. "Why the Sailendras were not a Javanese Dynasty." Indonesia and the Malay World 34, no. 98 (2006): 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810600650711
  47. Jordaan, Roy E. and Brian Colless. The Maharajas of the Isles: The Sailendras and the Problem of Srivijaya. Leiden: Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden, 2009.
  48. Juynboll, Hendrik H. Catalogus van's Rijks Ethnographisch Museum deel V: Javaansche Oudheden. [Catalogue of's National Ethnographic Museum volume V: Javanese Antiquities]. Leiden: Brill, 1909.
  49. Kern, H. "Levensbericht van J.L.A. Brandes." [Biography of J.L.A. Brandes]. Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (1906): 30-51.
  50. Kim, Hyeon-deog. "Shiltam munja (Siddhamatra) umsa (音寫) yon'gu: Chinonjip sojae chinonui hanja mit han'gul umsa pigyo.punsok" 실담 문자 (Siddhamatrka) 음사(音寫) 연구: 진언집 (眞言集) 소재 진언의 한자 및 한글음사 비교.분석 [The letters depicting a sound of Siddhamatrka types-comparative analysis of Chinese characters and Hangul (Korean alphabet) depicting the sound of holywords (Mantras) in The Book of Mantras(眞言 集)]. 불교학연구 [Journal for Buddhist Studies] 46, no. 3 (2016): 149-88. https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.46..201603.149
  51. Krom, Nicolaas J. Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst. Tweede, Herziene druk. [Introduction to Hindu-Javanese art. Second, revised edition]. 3 vols. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1923.
  52. Le Bonheur, Albert. La Sculpture indonesienne au Musee Guimet: Catalogue et etude Iconographique [Indonesian sculpture at the Guimet Museum: Catalog and iconographic study]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1971.
  53. LokeshChandra. "Remarks on Kunjarakarna." Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land- en Volkenkunde 139 (1983): 363-65. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003450
  54. Long, Mark E. Voices from the Mountain: The Sailendra Inscriptions Discovered in Central Java and the Malay Peninsula. Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 2014.
  55. Lopez, D.S. Jr., R. Bloom, K.G. Carr, C.W. Chan, H.N. Jun, C.M. Sinopoli, and K. Yokota. Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
  56. Luczanits, Christian. "Crowned Buddha: Intriguing Relations between India, China, and Tibet," Project Himalayan Art, Rubin Museum of Art, 2023. https://rubinmuseum.org/projecthimalayanart/essays/crowned-buddha/.
  57. Lunsingh Scheurleer, Pauline. "Skulls, Fangs and Serpents: A New Development in East Javanese Iconography." In Southeast Asian Archaeology 1998: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists Berlin, 31 August-4 September 1998, edited by Wibke Lobo and Stefanie Reimann, 189-204. Hull and Berlin: Centre for South-East Asian Studies and Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, 2000.
  58. Lunsingh Scheurleer, Pauline. "The Well-Known Javanese Statue in the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam, and Its Place in Javanese Sculpture." Artibus Asiae 68, no. 2 (2008): 287-32.
  59. Lunsingh Scheurleer, Pauline, and Marijke J. Klokke, eds. Divine Bronze: Ancient Indonesian Bronzes from AD 600 to 1600. Leiden: Brill, 1988.
  60. Majumdar, Nani Gopal. Nalanda Copper-Plate of Devapaladeva. Rajshahi: Varendra Research Society, 1926.
  61. Mak, Bill. "Magical Alphabet in the Indian and Chinese Minds: From the Garland of Letters to Master Pu'an's Siddham Mantra." In Brahman and Dao: Comparative Studies of Indian and Chinese Philosophy and Religion, edited by Ithamar Theodor and Zhihua Yao, 209-30. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington, 2013.
  62. Mechling, Mathilde. Buddhist and Hindu Metal Images of Indonesia: Evidence for Shared Artistic and Religious Networks across Asia (c. 6th-10th Century), 2 vols. PhD dissertation, Leiden University, 2020.
  63. Mevissen, Gerd J.R. "Images of Mahapratisara in Bengal: Their iconographic links with Javanese, Central Asian, and East Asian Images." Journal of Bengal Art 4 (1999): 99-129.
  64. Miksic, John. Old Javanese Gold: The Hunter Thompson Collection at the Yale University Art Gallery. Second revised and expanded edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.
  65. Moeller, Volker. Javanische Bronzen [Javanese bronze]. Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Museum fur IndischeKunst, 1985.
  66. Mudiyanse, Nandana. Mahayana Monuments of Ceylon. Colombo: M.D. Gunasena, 1967.
  67. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-Vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen [Minutes of the General and Executive Meetings of the Bataviaasch Society of Arts and Sciences]. Batavia: Albrecht & Rusche, 1894.
  68. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-Vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen [Minutes of the General and Executive Meetings of the Bataviaasch Society of Arts and Sciences]. Batavia: Bruining & Co, 1894, 1914, 1921.
  69. O'Brien, Kate. "The Tale of Sudhana and Manohara on Candi Jago: An Interpretation of a Series of Narrative Bas-Reliefs on a 13th-Century East Javanese Monument." In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons, edited by Andrea Acri, 275-320. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2016.
  70. Orzech, Charles. "After Amoghavajra: Esoteric Buddhism in the Late Tang." In Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, edited by Charles D. Orzech, Henrik H. Sorensen, and Richard K. Payne, 315-38. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2011.
  71. Oudheidkundig Verslag van de Oudheidkundige Dienst van Nederlandsch-Indie. [Archaeological Report of the Archaeological Service of the Netherlands East Indies]. Batavia: Kon. Drukkerij de Unie, 1915.
  72. Pandey, Anshuman. "Preliminary Proposal to Encode Ranjana in Unicode." Unicode, January 5, 2023. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23028-ranjana.pdf.
  73. Pollock, Sheldon. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
  74. Prasanti, Endang. Dokumentasi/Inventarisasi Koleksi Museum Negeri Prop. Jawa Timur 'Mpu Tantular'. Bagian Proyek Pembinaan Permuseuman Propinsi Jawa Timur 1993/1994 [Documentation/Inventory of the State Museum 'Mpu Tantular' Collection of the Province of East Java. Project Section of Museum Development of the Province of East Java, 1993/1994], 1993.
  75. Rapporten van de Commissie in Nederlandsch-Indie voor Oudheidkundig Onderzoek op Java en Madoera [Reports of the Commission in the Netherlands East Indies for Archaeological Research on Java and Madura]. Batavia and 's Gravenhage: Albrecht & Co. and M. Nijhoff, 1910.
  76. Rapporten van de Commissie in Nederlandsch-Indie voor Oudheidkundig Onderzoek op Java en Madoera [Reports of the Commission in the Netherlands East Indies for Archaeological Research on Java and Madura]. Batavia and 's Gravenhage: Albrecht & Co. and M. Nijhoff, 1911.
  77. Reichle, Natasha. Violence and Serenity: Late Buddhist Sculpture from Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2007.
  78. Revire, Nicolas. "Book Review of Nalanda, Srivijaya, and Beyond: Re-exploring Buddhist Art in Asia, ed. Gauri Parimoo Krishnan." Journal of the Siam Society 106 (2018): 319-30.
  79. Revire, Nicolas, Rajat Sanyal, and Rolf Giebel. "Avalokitesvara of the 'Three and a Half Syllables': A Note on the Heart-Mantra Ārolik in India." Arts asiatiques 76 (2021): 5-30. https://doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2021.2095
  80. Ricci, Ronit. Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
  81. Salomon, Richard. Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  82. Salomon, Richard. Siddham across Asia: How the Buddha Learned his ABC. Amsterdam: J. Gonda Fund Foundation of the KNAW, 2015.
  83. Sander, Lore. Palaographisches zu den Sanskrithandschriften der Berliner Turfansammlung. [Palaeographical Notes on the Sanskrit Manuscripts of the Berlin Turfan Collection]. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1968.
  84. Sastri, Hirananda. "The Nalanda Copper-Plate of Devapaladeva." Epigraphia Indica 17 (1923-24): 310-27.
  85. Schopen, Gregory. "The Text on the 'Dharani Stones' from the Abhayagirivihara: A Minor Contribution to the Study of Mahayana Literature in Ceylon." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 5 (1982): 101-8.
  86. Schopen, Gregory. "A Verse from the Bhadracaripranidhana in a Tenth-Century Inscription Found at Nalanda." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 12, no. 1 (1989): 149-57.
  87. Schoterman, Jan A. "A Surviving Amoghapasa Sadhana: Its Relation to the Five Main Statues of Candi Jago." In Ancient Indonesian Sculpture, edited by Marijke J. Klokke and Pauline Lunsingh Scheurleer, 154-77. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1994.
  88. Sedyawati, Edi, ed. Treasures of Ancient Indonesian Kingdoms. Tokyo: Tokyo National Museum, 1997.
  89. Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-I400. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002.
  90. Sinclair, Iain. "New Light on the Karimun Besar Inscription (Prasasti Pasir Panjang) and the Learned Man from Gaur." NSC Highlights 11 (December 2018-February 2019): 16-17.
  91. Sinclair, Iain. "From Melayu to Thamel and Back: The Transmigration of the Eight-Armed Amoghapasa." In The Creative South: Buddhist and Hindu Art in Mediaeval Maritime Asia, edited by Andrea Acri and Peter Sharrock, 9-65. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2022.
  92. Sinclair, Iain. "Vajramahakala and the Saivasaugata Rulers of Dharmasraya and Siṅhasari." Entangled Religions 13, no. 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.46586/er.13.2022.9678.
  93. Skilling, Peter. "Traces of the Dharma." Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient 90, no. 1 (2003): 273-87. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.2003.3615
  94. Skilling, Peter. "'Buddhist Sealings': Reflections on Terminology, Motivation, Donor's, Status, School-Affiliation, and Print-Technology." In South Asia Archaeology 2001: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Held in College de France, Paris 2-6 July 2001, edited by Catherine Jarrige and Vincent Lefevre, 677-85. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 2005.
  95. Speyer, Jacob S. "Eene buddhistische inscriptie afkomstig van Java" [A Buddhist inscription from Java]. Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen 4, no. 6 (1904): 138-44, 253-62.
  96. Stutterheim, Willem F. Oudheden van Bali [Antiquities of Bali]. 2 vols. Singaradja: Kirtya Liefrinck-Van der Tuuk, 1929.
  97. Stutterheim, Willem F. "A Newly Discovered Pre-Nagari Inscription on Bali." Acta Orientalia 12 (1934): 126-32.
  98. Sundberg, Jeffrey R. "The Wilderness Monks of the Abhayagirivihara and the Origins of Sino-Javanese Esoteric Buddhism." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde 160 (2004): 95-123. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003736
  99. Sundberg, Jeffrey R. "The Abhayagirivihara's Pamsukulika Monks in Second Lambakanna Sri Lanka and Sailendra Java: The Flowering and Fall of a Cardinal Center of Influence in Early Esoteric Buddhism." Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, third series, no. 16 (2014): 49-185.
  100. Sundberg, Jeffrey R. "Mid-9th-Century Adversity for Sinhalese Esoteric Buddhist Exemplars in Java: Lord Kumbhayoni and the 'Rag-Wearer' Paṁsukulika Monks of the Abhayagirivihara." In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons, edited by Andrea Acri, 349-80. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2016.
  101. Sundberg, Jeffrey R. "Appreciation of Relics, Stupas, and Relic-Stupas in Eighth Century Esoteric Buddhism: Taisho Tripitaka Texts and Archaeological Residues of Guhya Laṅka." The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 18 (2017): 173-340.
  102. Sundberg, Jeffrey, and Rolf Giebel. "The Life of the Tang Court Monk Vajrabodhi as Chronicled by Lu Xiang (呂向): South Indian and Sri Laṅkan Antecedents to the Arrival of the Buddhist Vajrayana in Eighth-Century Java and China." Pacific World, 3rd series, no. 13 (2011): 129-222.
  103. Sundstrom, Ingrid S. The Iconography of Avalokitesvara in Java. Volume 1: Text & Vol. 2: Catalogue. PhD dissertation, Leiden University, 2020.
  104. Tanaka, Kimiaki. "Orissashu Udayagiri II shutsudo no sekkoku darani ni tsuite" オリッサ州ウダヤギ リII出土の石刻陀羅尼について [A newly identified Dharani-sutra from Udayagiri II]. ToyoBunkaKenkyujoKiyo 東洋文化研究所紀要166 (2014): 134-24.
  105. Van Gulik, Robert H. Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan. Nagpur: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1956.
  106. Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J. E. Indo-Javanese Metalwork. Stuttgart: Linden-Museum, 1984. 
  107. Verdon, Noemie. The Books Sank and Patangal: A Socio-Cultural History of al Biruni's Interpretation of Saṅkhya and Yoga. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2024.
  108. Von Schroeder, Ulrich. Indo-Tibetan Bronzes. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, 1981.
  109. Wattelier-Bricout, Amandine. "The Dharmasetu: A Bridge between Nepal, Bengal, Orissa, Cambodia, South India, and Java?" Hypotheses, January 23, 2024. https://dharma.hypotheses.org/5590.
  110. Wibowo, Tri Djoko. Tinggalan arca-arca perunggu bercorak budhis di museum Mpu Tantular Surabaya dari desa Kunti kecamatan Bungkal kabupaten Ponorogo. [Remains of the Buddhist Bronze Statues in the Mpu Tantular Museum, Surabaya, from Kunti Village, Bungkal Subdistrict, Ponorogo District]. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Udayana, 1996.
  111. Wisseman Christie, Jan. "Money and Its Uses in the Javanese States of the Ninth to Fifteenth Centuries A.D." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 3 (1996): 243-86. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568520962601252
  112. Wisseman Christie, Jan. "Pre-Islamic Coinage of Java." In Southeast Asian Archaeology 1994: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Paris, 24th-28th October 1994, edited by Pierre-Yves Manguin, 161-72. Hull: Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull, 1998.
  113. Wisseman Christie, Jan. "Revisiting Early Mataram." In Fruits of Inspiration: Studies in Honour of Prof. J.G. de Casparis, edited by Marijke J. Klokke and Karel R. van Kooij, 25-55. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 2001.
  114. Woodward, Hiram. "Review Article: Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast Asia in the Light of Recent Scholarship." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35, no. 2 (2004): 329-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463404000177