Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science

korean Academy of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science (물리치료재활과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of Kinematics and Myoelectrical Activity during Deadlift, with and without Variable Banded Resistance, in Healthy, Trained Athletes

  • Everett B. Lohman (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Mansoor Alameri (Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitative Sciences, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences) ;
  • Fulden Cakir (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Chih Chieh Chia (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Maxine Shih (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Owee Mulay (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Kezia Marceline (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Simran Jaisinghani (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Gurinder Bains (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Michael DeLeon (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University) ;
  • Noha Daher (OrthoScience Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University)
  • Received : 2024.01.30
  • Accepted : 2024.03.13
  • Published : 2024.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: The conventional deadlift is a popular exercise for enhancing trunk, core, and lower extremity strength. However, its use in sports medicine is constrained by concerns of lumbar injuries, despite evidence supporting its safety and rehabilitative benefits. To optimize muscle activation using resistive bands in variable resistance therapy, we explored their feasibility in the deadlift. Design: Comparative experimental design Methods: Surface electromyography recorded muscle activity in the trunk and lower extremities during lifting, with normalization to the isometric Floor Lift using Maximal Voluntary Contraction. Kinematics were measured using inclinometer sensors to track hip and trunk sagittal plane angles. To prevent fatigue, each subject only used one of the three pairs of bands employed in the study. Results: Our study involved 45 healthy subjects (mean age: 30.4 ± 6.3 years) with similar baseline characteristics, except for years of lifting and strength-to-years-of-lifting ratio. Various resistance band groups exhibited significantly higher muscle activity than conventional deadlifts during different phases. The minimal resistance band group had notably higher muscle activity in the trunk, core, and lower extremity muscles, particularly in the end phase. The moderate resistance band group showed increased muscle activity in the mid-and end-phases. The maximum resistance band group demonstrated greater muscle activity in specific muscles during the early phase and overall higher activity in all trunk and lower extremity muscles in the mid and end phases of the deadlift (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings provide valuable insights into muscle activation with various resistance bands during deadlift exercise in clinical and gym settings. There appears to be a dose-response relationship between increased resistance bandwidth, external load, myoelectric activation, and range.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank all study participants.

References

  1. Patterson CS, Lohman E, Asavasopon S, Dudley R, Gharibvand L, Powers CM. The influence of hip extensor and lumbar spine extensor strength on lumbar spine loading during a squat lift. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2022;62:102620. 
  2. van Dieen JH, Hoozemans MJ, Toussaint HM. Stoop or squat: a review of biomechanical studies on lifting technique. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1999;14(10):685-96.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(99)00031-5
  3. Vecchio LD. Choosing a lifting posture: squat, semi-squat or stoop. MOJ yoga phys ther. 2017;2(2):56-62. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojypt.2017.02.00019
  4. Flandez J, Gene-Morales J, Juesas A, Saez-Berlanga A, Minana I, Colado JC. A systematic review on the muscular activation on the lower limbs with five different variations of the deadlift exercise. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;15(4):1262-76.  https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.27
  5. Ronai P. The Deadlift. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal. 2020;24(2):31-6.  https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000559
  6. Swinton PA, Stewart A, Agouris I, Keogh JW, Lloyd R. A biomechanical analysis of straight and hexagonal barbell deadlifts using submaximal loads. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(7):2000-09.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e73f87
  7. Hammer ME, Meir RA, Whitting JW, Crowley-McHattan ZJ. Shod vs. Barefoot Effects on Force and Power Development During a Conventional Deadlift. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(6):1525-30.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002246
  8. Glassman G. The deadlift CrossFit Journal Articles. August 2003(Issue 12). Retrieved December 18, 2023, from https://journal.crossfit.com/2003/08/the-dead-lift-by-greg-glassman.tpl 
  9. Almstedt HC, Canepa JA, Ramirez DA, Shoepe TC. Changes in bone mineral density in response to 24 weeks of resistance training in college-age men and women. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(4):1098-103.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09e9d
  10. Berglund L, Aasa B, Hellqvist J, Michaelson P, Aasa U. Which Patients With Low Back Pain Benefit From Deadlift Training? J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(7):1803-11.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000837
  11. Crewther BT, Heke TL, Keogh JW. The effects of a resistance-training program on strength, body composition and baseline hormones in male athletes training concurrently for rugby union 7's. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(1):34-41. 
  12. Lloyd RS, Cronin JB, Faigenbaum AD, Haff GG, Howard R, Kraemer WJ, et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(6):1491-509.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001387
  13. Michaud F, Perez Soto M, Lugris U, Cuadrado J. Lower Back Injury Prevention and Sensitization of Hip Hinge with Neutral Spine Using Wearable Sensors during Lifting Exercises. Sensors. 2021;21(16):5487. 
  14. Walters PH, Jezequel JJ, Grove MB. Case study: Bone mineral density of two elite senior female powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(3):867-72.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822c71c0
  15. Duarte MA, Lopez-Gil GC, Mello JB. Benefits, risks and possibilities of strength training in school Physical Education: a brief review. Sport Sci Health. 2022;18(1):11-20.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00847-3
  16. Izquierdo M, Merchant RA, Morley JE, Anker SD, Aprahamian I, Arai H, et al. International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(7):824-53.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8
  17. Potvin JR, McGill SM, Norman RW. Trunk muscle and lumbar ligament contributions to dynamic lifts with varying degrees of trunk flexion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991;16(9):1099-107.  https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199109000-00015
  18. Dolan P, Mannion AF, Adams MA. Passive tissues help the back muscles to generate extensor moments during lifting. J Biomech. 1994;27(8):1077-85.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90224-0
  19. Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Gao F, Samaan M. Low Back Biomechanics during Repetitive Deadlifts: A Narrative Review. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Human Factors. 2022;10(1):34-46.  https://doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2021.2015642
  20. Howe L, Lehman G. Getting out of neutral: the risks and rewards of lumbar spine flexion during lifting exercises. Strength and Conditioning. 2021;3:1-38. 
  21. Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis. J Spinal Disord. 1992;5(4):390-6.  https://doi.org/10.1097/00002517-199212000-00002
  22. Aasa U, Bengtsson V, Berglund L, Ohberg F. Variability of lumbar spinal alignment among powerand weightlifters during the deadlift and barbell back squat. Sports Biomech. 2022;21(6):701-17.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1675751
  23. Aasa U, Svartholm I, Andersson F, Berglund L. Injuries among weightlifters and powerlifters: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(4):211-9.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096037
  24. Edington C, Greening C, Kmet N, Philipenko N, Purves L, Stevens J, et al. The Effect of Set Up Position on EMG Amplitude, Lumbar Spine Kinetics, and Total Force Output During Maximal Isometric Conventional-Stance Deadlifts. Sports (Basel). 2018;6(3). 
  25. Lederman E. The myth of core stability. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2010;14(1):84-98.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.08.001
  26. Saraceni N, Kent P, Ng L, Campbell A, Straker L, O'Sullivan P. To Flex or Not to Flex? Is There a Relationship Between Lumbar Spine Flexion During Lifting and Low Back Pain? A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50(3):121-30.  https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2020.9218
  27. Bengtsson V, Berglund L, Aasa U. Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, bench press and deadlift. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4(1):e000382. 
  28. Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. The Importance of Muscular Strength: Training Considerations. Sports Med. 2018;48(4):765-85.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0862-z
  29. Aasa B, Berglund L, Michaelson P, Aasa U. Individualized low-load motor control exercises and education versus a high-load lifting exercise and education to improve activity, pain intensity, and physical performance in patients with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(2):77-85.  https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5021
  30. McAllister MJ, Hammond KG, Schilling BK, Ferreria LC, Reed JP, Weiss LW. Muscle activation during various hamstring exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(6):1573-80.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000302
  31. Nijem RM, Coburn JW, Brown LE, Lynn SK, Ciccone AB. Electromyographic and Force Plate Analysis of the Deadlift Performed With and Without Chains. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(5):1177-82.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001351
  32. Andersen V, Fimland MS, Mo DA, Iversen VM, Larsen TM, Solheim F, Saeterbakken AH. Electromyographic comparison of the barbell deadlift using constant versus variable resistance in healthy, trained men. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0211021. 
  33. Andersen V, Pedersen H, Fimland MS, Shaw MP, Solstad TEJ, Stien N, Cummings KT, Saeterbakken AH. Acute Effects of Elastic Bands as Resistance or Assistance on EMG, Kinetics, and Kinematics During Deadlift in Resistance-Trained Men. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;5(2):598284. 
  34. Wilson J, Kritz M. Practical Guidelines and Considerations for the Use of Elastic Bands in Strength Cond J. 2014;36(5):1-9.  https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000087
  35. Ghigiarelli JJ, Nagle EF, Gross FL, Robertson RJ, Irrgang JJ, Myslinski T. The Effects of a 7-Week Heavy Elastic Band and Weight Chain Program on Upper-Body Strength and Upper-Body Power in a Sample of Division 1-AA Football Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(3):756-64.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a2b8a2
  36. Martin-Fuentes I, Oliva-Lozano JM, Muyor JM. Electromyographic activity in deadlift exercise and its variants. A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229507. 
  37. Kamil NS, Dawal SZ. Effect of postural angle on back muscle activities in aging female workers performing computer tasks. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(6):1967-70.  https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.1967
  38. Mork PJ, Westgaard RH. Back posture and low back muscle activity in female computer workers: a field study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009;24(2):169-75.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.11.001
  39. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000;10(5):361-74.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4
  40. Schinkel-Ivy A, Nairn BC, Drake JD. Investigation of trunk muscle co-contraction and its association with low back pain development during prolonged sitting. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23(4):778-86.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.02.001
  41. Alameri M, Lohman E, Daher N, Jaber H. Examining trunk muscles co-activation during prolonged sitting in adults with non-specific chronic low back pain based on O'Sullivan Classification System. Phys Ther Rehabil Sci. 2019;8:175-86.  https://doi.org/10.14474/ptrs.2019.8.4.175
  42. Jaber H, Lohman E, Daher N, Bains G, Nagaraj A, Mayekar P, et al. Neuromuscular control of ankle and hip during performance of the star excursion balance test in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201479. 
  43. Lewek MD, Rudolph KS, Snyder-Mackler L. Control of frontal plane knee laxity during gait in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2004;12(9):745-51.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2004.05.005
  44. Ball N, Scurr J. Electromyography normalization methods for high-velocity muscle actions: review and recommendations. J Appl Biomech. 2013;29(5):600-8.  https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.5.600
  45. Hales ME, Johnson BF, Johnson JT. Kinematic Analysis of the Powerlifting Style Squat and the Conventional Deadlift During Competition: Is There a Cross-Over Effect Between Lifts? J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(9):2574-80.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bc1d2a
  46. Worrell TW, Karst G, Adamczyk D, Moore R, Stanley C, Steimel B, Steimel S. Influence of joint position on electromyographic and torque generation during maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the hamstrings and gluteus maximus muscles. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31(12):730-40.  https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2001.31.12.730
  47. Washmuth NB, McAfee AD, & Bickel CS. Lifting Techniques: Why Are We Not Using Evidence To Optimize Movement? IJSPT. 2022;17(1):104-10. 
  48. Fuentes AD, Smith CJ, Shoepe TC. Loading Patterns of Rubber-Based Resistance Bands across Distributors. Sports (Basel). 2019;7(1):21. 
  49. Riviere M, Louit L, Strokosch A, Seitz LB. Variable Resistance Training Promotes Greater Strength and Power Adaptations Than Traditional Resistance Training in Elite Youth Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(4):947-55.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001574
  50. McMaster DT, Cronin J, McGuigan MR. Quantification of rubber and chain-based resistance modes. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(8):2056-64.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181dc4200
  51. Galpin A, Harmon K, Davis K, Record S, Brown L, Coburn J, et al. Acute Effects of Elastic Bands on Kinetic Characteristics During the Deadlift At Moderate and Heavy Loads. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:3271-8.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000987
  52. Heelas T, Theis N, Hughes JD. Muscle Activation Patterns During Variable Resistance Deadlift Training With and Without Elastic Bands. J Strength Cond Res. 2021;35(11):3006-11.  https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003272
  53. van den Tillaar R, Andersen V, Saeterbakken AH. Comparison of muscle activation and kinematics during free-weight back squats with different loads. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217044. 
  54. Staudenmann D, Roeleveld K, Stegeman DF, van Dieen JH. Methodological aspects of SEMG recordings for force estimation--a tutorial and review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(3):375-87.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.08.005
  55. Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Lehman GJ, Trajano GS, Vieira TM. Interpreting Signal Amplitudes in Surface Electromyography Studies in Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences. Front Physiol. 2017;8:985. 
  56. Drouin PJ, Kohoko ZIN, Mew OK, Lynn MJT, Fenuta AM, Tschakovsky ME. Fatigue-independent alterations in muscle activation and effort perception during forearm exercise: role of local oxygen delivery. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2019;127(1):111-21.  https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2019
  57. Dimitrova NA, Dimitrov GV. Interpretation of EMG changes with fatigue: facts, pitfalls, and fallacies. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13(1):13-36.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(02)00083-4
  58. Ortega-Auriol PA, Besier TF, Byblow WD, McMorland AJC. Fatigue Influences the Recruitment, but Not Structure, of Muscle Synergies. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;21(12):217. 
  59. Kompf J, Arandjelovic O. Understanding and Overcoming the Sticking Point in Resistance Exercise. Sports Med. 2016;46(6):751-62.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0460-2
  60. Kompf J, Arandjelovic O. The Sticking Point in the Bench Press, the Squat, and the Deadlift: Similarities and Differences, and Their Significance for Research and Practice. Sports Med. 2017;47(4):631-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0615-9