Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of gait parameters measured using a smart insole device compared with the GaitRite system, which is widely regarded as the gold standard for gait analysis. Additionally, this study sought to examine the clinical applicability of wearable sensor-based gait analysis technology. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: A total of 25 healthy adult participants were recruitedfor this study. Temporal gait parameters,including cadence, step time, stride time, swing phase, and stance phase were simultaneously measured using both a smart insole and the GaitRite system. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the level of agreement between the devices, and Bland-Altman plots were generated to assess the consistency of the measurements. Results: Excellent reliability was found for key variables, such as stride time (Lt: ICC = 0.97, Rt: ICC = 0.90), and high consistency was observed for the stance phase and step time. All parameters demonstrated statistically significant agreement (p < 0.001), and most of the data points were within the 95% limit of agreement. Conclusions: The findings suggest that smart insoles provide reliability comparable to that of traditional gait analysis systems. Their portability, affordability, and capacity for real-time data collection enhance their value in bothclinical and real-world environments. These results support broader adoption of wearable gait analysis tools for mobility assessment and rehabilitation monitoring.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of combining non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) with mindfulness training on pain reduction and improvementsin self-reported mindfulness among patients with chronic pain. Although each intervention demonstrated modest benefits alone, their combined efficacy remains unclear. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Methods: A systematic search for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to May 2025 was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases. Studiescomparing noninvasive brain stimulation (tDCS or rTMS) combined with mindfulness-basedinterventions (MBIs) to control conditions in patients with chronic pain wereincluded. The primary outcomes were pain intensity and self-reportedmindfulness levels measured using validated scales (e.g., MAAS and FFMQ). Asingle investigator evaluated methodological quality with the Cochranerisk-of-bias tool and performed random-effects meta-analyses in RevMan 5.4. Results: Four randomized controlled trials (N = 127) were included. On analysis, the combined intervention did not produce a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity (SMD = -0.77; 95% CI: -1.67 to 0.13; p = 0.09), with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 52%). For self-reported mindfulness, the combined approach demonstrated a small and non-significant effect (SMD = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.74 to 0.24; p = 0.31), with low heterogeneity (I² = 1%). These findings indicated that the hypothesized synergistic effect of the combined intervention was not supported. Conclusions: Thisstudy indicates that, in patients with chronic pain, the combined interventionof noninvasive brain stimulation and mindfulness has limited effects onreducing pain and improving self-reported mindfulness. These findings may be attributed to the insufficient interventionintensity and duration, small sample sizes, and variability in stimulationprotocols. Future trials should adopt adequately powered designs with longerintervention periods and optimized stimulation parameters to clarify the potentialsynergistic effects of this combined approach for chronic pain management.

Background: Falls among older adults are a significant public health concern with a global prevalence of approximately 26.5%, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Depth cameras offer promising non-invasive methods for evaluating balance and gait in geriatric rehabilitation settings; however, the evidence remains heterogeneous and requires systematic mapping. Objective: This scoping review examined the extent, nature, and characteristics of evidence on the use of depth cameras for physical therapy and rehabilitation evaluations among older adults, with afocus on fall prevention applications. Methods: Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, IEEE Xplore, and Embase) without date restrictions. Eligibility criteria included primary research involving older adults (≥ 65 years), depth camera evaluations in rehabilitation contexts, and a focus on fall prevention. Data extraction encompassed study characteristics, technologies, evaluation methods, and outcomes. Results: Seven studies (2018-2023) met the inclusion criteria, predominantly utilizing Microsoft Kinect platforms. They demonstrated moderate to excellent reliability (ICC: 0.633-1.00) and high validity (r≥ 0.7) for automated assessments, including the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go, and gait parameters. Virtual reality-based interventions significantly improved balance scores and reduced fear of falling. Systems achieved >95% accuracy for gait speed and >97% for time-based tests, with excellent usability scores (SUS: 84.4±18.5). Conclusions: Depth-sensing technologies demonstrate promising effectiveness for objective fall risk assessments and intervention delivery in older adults. Despite favorable outcomes, limitations include small sample sizes, moderate validity for depth-change tasks, and environmental sensitivity. Future research requires larger randomized controlled trials, algorithm optimization, and expanded inclusion of high-risk populations to establish clinical superiority and inform evidence-based fall prevention guidelines.

Objective: We investigated the effects of hop stabilization exercises combined with balance training on kinesiophobia, functional ankle instability, dynamic balance, and functional performance in women with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-five women with CAI and severekinesiophobia were randomly assigned to either the hop stabilization exercise group (HSE, n=13) or the control group (CG, n=12). Both groups participated in a 6-week balance training program, while the HSE group received additional hop stabilization exercise. Pre- and post-interventionassessments included the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), Y-Balance Test (YBT), and single-leg 5-repetition jump test. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Hedges' g test for effect size. Results: Relative to the control group, the HSE group achieved significantly greater improvements in both TSK-17 and FAAM sports subscales (p=0.029, Hedges' g=-0.86; p<0.001, Hedges'g=1.60, respectively). The HSE group also showed significant improvements inanterior and composite reach distances of the YBT compared to the control group, with large effect sizes (p=0.012, Hedges' g=1.01; p=0.011, Hedges' g=1.02). Functional performance outcomes, including jump height, flight time, and power, showed significantly greater improvements in the HSE group (p<0.05), with large effect sizes (Hedges' g>1.0). Conclusions: HSE combined with balance trainingsignificantly reduced kinesiophobia and enhanced dynamic balance andperformance in women with CAI. This combined approach may effectively targetboth the physical and psychological components of CAI.

Objective: This study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of the portable knee strength measurement device IB-LS in assessing isometric knee strength in healthy adults by comparing its performance with a criterion standard dynamometer (CSMI) and exploring its potential applicability in clinical and community settings. Design: A cross-sectional methodological study employing repeated measures for test-retest reliability and criterion-referenced validation against a standard isokinetic dynamometer was conducted. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy adults in their 20s and 30s participated. Isometric knee flexion and extension strength and isokinetic strength at 60°/s were measured using both the IB-LS and CSMI devices. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and the validity between devices was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The IB-LS demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.962-0.986). The concurrent validity between the IB-LS and CSMI for isometric strength was high (ICC=0.799-0.895), and the correlation between the IB-LS isometric strength and CSMI isokinetic strength at 60°/s was also strong (ICC=0.809-0.876). Conclusions: The IB-LS is a practical, reliable, and valid tool for evaluating isometric knee strength in healthy adults. Further large-scale studies, including diverse populations and long-term follow-ups, are warranted to confirm its broader clinical applicability. These findings highlight the potential of IB-LS as a convenient alternative to laboratory-based dynamometry, which may facilitate broader applications in clinical rehabilitation and field-based assessments.