Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the research fund from Seoul Women's College of Nursing (No. snjc 2021-005).
References
- CoronaBoard. COVID-19 dashboard [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 April 27]. Available from: https://coronaboard.kr/
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). COVID-19 positive (specimen) surveillance status. Cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (total surveillance) as of 23.8.31 [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 March 26]. Available from: https://ncov.kdca.go.kr/pot/cv/trend/dmstc/selectMntrgSttus.do
- Campos JADB, Martins BG, Campos LA, Maroco J, Saadiq RA, Ruano R. Early psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a national survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(9): 2976. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092976
- Kim DH. Post-recovery stress, anxiety, depression and stigma in early COVID-19 pandemic patients. Keimyung Medical Journal. 2022;41(1):38-41. https://doi.org/10.46308/kmj.2022.00080
- Muhidin S, Behboodi Moghadam Z, Vizheh M. Analysis of maternal coronavirus infections and neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV; a systematic review. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2020;8(1):e49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
- Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist. 2000;55(5):469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korean Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (KSTSS). National Mental Health Survey 2020 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 January 18]. Available from: http://kstss.kr/?p=2065
- Jeong Y, Yang S. A validation of the Korean version of the COVID-19 Pandemic Stress Questionnaire for college students (K-CPSQ). Journal of Social Sciences. 2021;60(3):105-127. https://doi.org/10.22418/JSS.2021.12.60.3.105
- Park HY, Jung J, Park HY, Lee SH, Kim ES, Kim HB, et al. Psychological consequences of survivors of COVID-19 pneumonia 1 month after discharge. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020;35(47):e409. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e409
- Seiter JS, Curran T, Elwood RE. Make no apologies: fear of negative evaluation, depressive symptoms, and the mediating role of accounting for COVID-safe behavior amongst people at high-risk for severe illness. Health Communication. 2024;39(5):896-905. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2191884
- Park HJ, Kim MS, Kim SH, Song KR. The relationship between fear of social stigma according to adult's COVID-19 infection, change in quality of life, and COVID-19 anxiety: the mediating effects of perceived situational control. Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy. 2021;13(2):39-62.
- Lee EJ, Cho OY, Wang KH, Jang MJ. Corelation between nurses' posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and social stigma in nursing COVID-19 patients. Journal of East-West Nursing Research. 2021;27(1):14-21. https://doi.org/10.14370/jewnr.2021.27.1.14
- Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and discrimination during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021;8: 577018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018
- Oh J, Lee B, Choi M, Choi Y. Stigma scarier than infection? Analysis of stigma patterns in COVID-19 headlines by epidemic period. Korean Journal of Advertising and Public Relations. 2023;25(1):45-85. https://doi.org/10.16914/kjapr.2023.25.1.45
- Abdelhafiz AS, Alorabi M. Social stigma: the hidden threat of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020;8:429. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00429
- Bhattacharya P, Banerjee D, Rao TS. The "untold" side of COVID-19: social stigma and its consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2020;42(4):382-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620935578
- von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Medicine. 2007;4(10):e296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296
- Cho MJ, Kim KH. Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 1993;32(3):381-399.
- Leary MR. A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1983;9(3):371-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093007
- Lee J, Choi C. A study of the reliability and the validity of the Korean version of Social Phobia Scales (K-SAD, K-FNE). Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1997;16(2):251-264.
- Weiss M. Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC): framework for comparative study of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry. 1997;34(2):235-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346159703400204
- Al-Zamel LA, Al-Thunayan SF, Al-Rasheed AA, Alkathiri MA, Alamri F, Alqahtani F, et al. Validation and cultural adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in assessing stigma among recovered patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(16):8261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168261
- Kim YJ. COVID-19 and long-term sequelae. Korean Journal of Medicine. 2022;97(1):23-27. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2022.97.1.23
- Main A, Zhou Q, Ma Y, Luecken LJ, Liu X. Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2011;58(3):410-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023632
- Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020;287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
- Jeon J. Mediating effect of ego-resilience in the relationship between COVID-19 pandemic stress and depression in nursing students. Journal of the Korean Society for Multicultural Health. 2023;13(1):109-118. https://doi.org/10.33502/JKSMH.13.1.109
- Lee YR, Jo JH. COVID-19 stress and depression effect on college life adjustment of college students. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction. 2022;22(20):249-263. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.20.249
- Statistics Korea. Korean social trends 2020. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2020. p 11.
- Yoo MS. The 3rd Gyeonggi-do Corona-19 risk perception survey. Seongnam: Gyeonggi Public Health Policy Institute; 2020 Dec. Report No.: 2020-R04.
- Seo J, Han G. Relationship between parental psychological control perceived by college students and paranoia tendency: the mediating effects of fear of negative evaluation and internalized shame. Korean Journal of Youth Studies. 2021;28(8): 321-348. https://doi.org/10.21509/KJYS.2021.08.28.8.321
- Ahn S, Jang J, Park SY, Yang S, Ryu B, Shin E, et al. Outbreak report of COVID-19 during designation of class 1 infectious disease in the Republic of Korea (January 20, 2020-April 24, 2022). Public Health Weekly Report. 2022;15(30):2126-2136.