Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Strengthening sequence based on relative weightage of members in global damage for gravity load designed buildings

  • Niharika Talyan (International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Earthquake Engineering Research Center) ;
  • Pradeep K. Ramancharla (International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Earthquake Engineering Research Center)
  • Received : 2023.10.05
  • Accepted : 2024.01.09
  • Published : 2024.02.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Damage caused by an earthquake depends on not just the intensity of an earthquake but also the region-specific construction practices. Past earthquakes in Asian countries have highlighted inadequate construction practices, which caused huge life and property losses, indicating the severe need to strengthen existing structures. Strengthening activities shall be proposed as per the proposed weighting factors, first at the higher weighted members to increase the capacity of the building immediately and thereafter, the other members. Through this study on gravity load-designed (GLD) buildings, relative weights are assigned to each storey and exterior and interior columns within a storey based on their contribution to the energy dissipation capacity of the building. The numerical study is conducted on mid-rise archetype GLD buildings, i.e., 4, 6, 8, and 10 stories with variable storey heights, in the high seismic zones. Non-linear static analysis is performed to compute weights based on energy dissipation capacities. The results obtained are verified with the non-linear time history analysis of 4 GLD buildings. It was observed that exterior columns have higher weightage in the energy dissipation capacity of the building than interior columns up to a certain building height. The damage in stories is distributed in a convex to concave parabolic shape from bottom to top as building height increases, and the maxima location of the parabola shifts from bottom to middle stories. Relative weighting factors are assigned as per the damage contribution. And the sequence for strengthening activities is proposed as per the computed weighting factors in descending order for regular RCC buildings. Therefore, proposals made in the study would increase the efficacy of strengthening activities.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The financial support for this research is done by the International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) Hyderabad, India, under student grant aid.

References

  1. Akiyama, H. (1985), Earthquake-Resistant Limit State Design for Buildings, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.
  2. Anthugari, V. (2014), "Expended energy based seismic damage assessment method for reinforced concrete bare frames", Doctoral Dissertation, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India.
  3. ASCE/SEI-7-16 (2017), Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, USA.
  4. ASCE/SEI 41-17 (2017), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, USA.
  5. Banon, H., Biggs, J.M. and Irvine, H.M.A.X. (1980), Prediction of Seismic Damage in Reinforced Concrete Frames, Cambridge, U.K.
  6. Bhalkikar, A. (2021), "Relative weightage of selected structural parameters on overall vulnerability of RC MRF buildings", Thesis, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India.
  7. Bosco, M., Ghersi, A. and Marino, E.M. (2009), "On the evaluation of seismic response of structures by nonlinear static methods", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(13), 1465-1482. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.
  8. Bracci, J.M., Reinhorn, A.M., Mander, J.B. and Kunnath, S.K. (1989), "Deterministic model for seismic damage evaluation of reinforced concrete structures", NCEER-89-0033; State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
  9. Caltech (1971), The San Fernando Earthquake: A report from Caltech's Earthquake Engineers, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA. http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/2849/1/earthquake.pdf
  10. Cao, V.V., Ronagh, H.R., Ashraf, M. and Baji, H. (2014), "A new damage index for reinforced concrete structures", Earthq. Struct., 6(6), 581-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.6.6.581.
  11. Chung, Y.S., Shinozuka, M. and Meyer, C. (1988), "Automated seismic design of reinforced concrete buildings", NCEER-88-0024; National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Taipei, Taiwan.
  12. CSI (2016), SAP2000 Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design, Computers and STRUCTURES Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA.
  13. Deger, Z.T. and Sutcu, F. (2017), "Evaluation of earthquake input energy distribution in an RC building for an energy-based seismic design approach", The 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January.
  14. Dhir, P.K., Davis, R. and Sarkar, P. (2018), "Safety assessment of gravity load-designed reinforced concrete-framed buildings", ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertain. Eng. Syst. Part A: Civil Eng., 4(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1061/ajrua6.0000955.
  15. DiPasquale, E. and Cakmak, A.S. (1987), "Detection of seismic structural damage", National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Taipei, Taiwan.
  16. FEMA (2018), Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings Volume 1 - Methodology, P-58-1, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
  17. Ghobarah, A., Abou-Elfath, H. and Biddah, A. (1999), "Responsebased damage assessment of structures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(1), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199901)28:1<79::AID-EQE805>3.0.CO;2-J.
  18. Giovinazzi, S. (2005), The Vulnerability Assessment and the Damage Scenario in Seismic Risk Analysis, Technical University Carolo-Wilhelmina at Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany and University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
  19. Halder, L. and Paul, S. (2016), "Seismic damage evaluation of gravity load designed low rise RC building using non-linear static method", Procedia Eng., 144, 1373-1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.05.167.
  20. Hall, J.F. (2018), "On the descending branch of the pushover curve for multistory buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 47(3), 772-783. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2990.
  21. Haselton, C.B. and Deierlein, G.G. (2007), "Assessing seismic collapse safety of modern reinforced concrete moment-frame buildings", PEER Report 2007/08; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  22. Housner, G.W. (1956), "Limit design of structures to resist earthquakes", The 1st World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Berkeley, CA, USA, January.
  23. Humar, J.M., Lau, D. and Pierre, J.R. (2001), "Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake", Can. J. Civil Eng., 28(6), 979-991. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-070.
  24. Ibarra, L.F. and Krawinkler, H. (2005), "Global collapse of frame structures under seismic excitations", PEER Report 152; John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Centre, Stanford, CA, USA.
  25. IITM and SERC (2005), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Storeyed RC Buildings, Department of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.
  26. Inel, M. and Ozmen, H.B. (2006), "Effects of plastic hinge properties in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete buildings", Eng. Struct., 28(11), 1494-1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.01.017.
  27. IS 15988:2013 (2013), Seismic Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings - Guidelines, the Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  28. IS 456 (2000), Concrete, Plain and Reinforced, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  29. Jiang, H., Fu, B., Lu, X. and Chen, L. (2015), "Seismic damage assessment of RC members by a modified Park-Ang model", Adv. Struct. Eng., 18(3), 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.18.3.353.
  30. Karimiyan, S. (2020), "Comparison of seismic progressive collapse distribution in low and mid rise RC buildings due to corner and edge columns removal", Earthq. Struct., 18(5), 649-665. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.5.649.
  31. Kunnath, S.K., Reinhorn, A.M. and Lobo, R.F. (1992), "IDARC version 3.0: A program for the inelastic damage analysis of reinforced concrete structures", NCEER-92-0022; National Center For Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Taipei, Taiwan.
  32. Liel, A.B., Haselton, C.B. and Deierlein, G.G. (2011), "Seismic collapse safety of reinforced concrete buildings. II: Comparative assessment of nonductile and ductile moment frames", J. Struct. Eng., 137(4), 492-502. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000275.
  33. Maeda, M. and Kang, D.E. (2009), "Post-earthquake damage evaluation of reinforced concrete buildings", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 7(3), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.327.
  34. Mahboubi, S. and Shiravand, M.R. (2019), "Proposed input energy-based damage index for RC bridge piers", J. Bridge Eng., 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001326.
  35. Massumi, A. and Moshtagh, E. (2013), "A new damage index for RC buildings based on variations of nonlinear fundamental period", Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 22, 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.
  36. Milutinovic, Z. and Trendafiloski, G. (2003), WP4: Vulnerability of Current Buildings. RISK-UE Project: An Advanced Approach to Earthquake Risk Scenarios with Applications to Different European Towns, EVK4-CT-2000-00014, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Skopje, North Macedonia.
  37. Mouroux, P. and Le Brun, B. (2006), "Presentation of RISK-UE project", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 4(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9020-3
  38. NDMA (2019), Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report; Nationa Disaster Management Authority, New Delhi, India. https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/Reports/EDRI_Report_final.pdf
  39. Niharika, T. and Ramancharla, P.K. (2020), "Performance assessment of upper stories in an open ground storey building with retrofitted ground storey", The 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 17WCEE, Sendai, Japan, December.
  40. Oumedour, A. and Lazzali, F. (2022), "Modifier parameters and quantifications for seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings", Earthq. Struct., 22(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2022.22.1.083.
  41. Park, Y.J. and Ang, A.H.S. (1985), "Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete", J. Struct. Eng., 111(4), 722-739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:4(722).
  42. Park, Y.J., Ang, A.H.-S. and Wen, Y.K. (1987), "Damage-limiting aseismic design of buildings", Earthq. Spectra, 3(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585416.
  43. Pinho, R., Marques, M., Monteiro, R., Casarotti, C. and Delgado, R. (2013), "Evaluation of nonlinear static procedures in the assessment of building frames", Earthq. Spectra, 29(4), 1459-1476. https://doi.org/10.1193/100910EQS169M.
  44. Powell, G.H. and Allahabadi, R. (1988), "Seismic damage prediction by deterministic methods: Concepts and procedures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 16(5), 719-734. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160507.
  45. Rai, D.C., Singhal, V., Raj S.B., and Sagar, S.L. (2016), "Reconnaissance of the effects of the M7.8 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake of April 25, 2015", Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk, 7(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1084955.
  46. Roufaiel, B.M.S.L. and Meyer, C. (1987), "Reliability of concrete frames damaged by earthquakes", J. Struct. Eng., 113(3), 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:3(445).
  47. Saatcioglu, M., Ghobarah, A. and Nistor, I. (2005), "Effects of the December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami on physical infrastructure", ISET J. Earthq. Technol., 42(457), 79-94.
  48. Santhi, H.M., Samuel Knight, G.M. and Muthumani, K. (2005), "Evaluation of seismic performance of gravity load designed reinforced concrete frames", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 19(4), 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2005)19:4(277).
  49. Sreejaya, K.P., Raghukanth, S.T.G., Gupta, I.D., Murty, C.V.R. and Srinagesh, D. (2022), "Seismic hazard map of India and neighbouring regions", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 163, 107505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107505.
  50. Surana, M., Singh, Y. and Lang, D.H. (2017), "Seismic characterization and vulnerability of building stock in Hilly regions", Nat. Hazards Rev., 19(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000275.
  51. Uang, C.M. and Bertero, V.V. (1988), "Use of energy as a design criterion in earthquake-resistant design", Earthq. Eng. Res. Center, 88, 18.
  52. Wang, H., Sun, B. and Chen, H. (2022), "Performance-based seismic evaluation and practical retrofit techniques for buildings in China", Earthq. Struct., 22(5), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2022.22.5.487.
  53. Wang, M.L. and Shah, S.P. (1987), "Reinforced concrete hysteresis model based in damage concept", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 15(8), 993-1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290150806