Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
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Anthraquinone as emerging contaminant: technological, toxicological, regulatory and analytical aspects

  • Alice Teresa Valduga (Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missoes-Erechim) ;
  • Itamar Luis Goncalves (Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missoes-Erechim) ;
  • Bruna Maria Saorin Puton (Graduate Program in Food Engineerng, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missoes-Erechim) ;
  • Bruna de Lima Hennig (Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missoes-Erechim) ;
  • Edy Sousa de Brito (Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical)
  • Received : 2023.04.03
  • Accepted : 2023.07.12
  • Published : 2024.01.15
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Abstract

Anthraquinone (anthracene-9,10-dione) is a multifaceted chemical used in the paper industry, in the production of synthetic dyes, in crop protection against birds and is released from fossil fuels. Additionally, the anthraquinone scaffold, when substituted with sugars and hydroxyl groups is found in plants as metabolites. Because of these multiple applications, it is produced on a large scale worldwide. However, its toxicological aspects have gained interest, due to the low limits in the foods defined by legislation. Worrying levels of anthracene-9,10-dione have been detected in wastewater, atmospheric air, soil, food packaging and more recently, in actual foodstuffs. Recent investigations aiming to identify the anthracene-9,10-dione contamination sources in teas highlighted the packaging, leaves processing, anthracene metabolism, reactions between tea constituents and deposition from the environment. In this context, this review seeks to highlight the uses, sources, biological effects, analytical and regulatory aspects of anthracene-9,10-dione.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thanks URI - Erechim, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - grant number 421630/2022-1), Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES - grant number 88881.710370/2022-01) and Foundation for the Support of Research in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), all from Brazil, for their financial support.

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