Current Optics and Photonics

Optical Society of Korea (한국광학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Nonparaxial Imaging Theory for Differential Phase Contrast Imaging

  • Jeongmin Kim (Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2023.07.28
  • Accepted : 2023.09.19
  • Published : 2023.10.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Differential phase contrast (DPC) microscopy, a central quantitative phase imaging (QPI) technique in cell biology, facilitates label-free, real-time monitoring of intrinsic optical phase variations in biological samples. The existing DPC imaging theory, while important for QPI, is grounded in paraxial diffraction theory. However, this theory lacks accuracy when applied to high numerical aperture (NA) systems that are vital for high-resolution cellular studies. To tackle this limitation, we have, for the first time, formulated a nonparaxial DPC imaging equation with a transmission cross-coefficient (TCC) for high NA DPC microscopy. Our theoretical framework incorporates the apodization of the high NA objective lens, nonparaxial light propagation, and the angular distribution of source intensity or detector sensitivity. Thus, our TCC model deviates significantly from traditional paraxial TCCs, influenced by both NA and the angular variation of illumination or detection. Our nonparaxial imaging theory could enhance phase retrieval accuracy in QPI based on high NA DPC imaging.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was in part supported by the Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University.

References

  1. D. K. Hamilton and C. J. R. Sheppard, "Differential phase contrast in scanning optical microscopy," J. Microsc. 133, 27-39 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1984.tb00460.x
  2. D. K. Hamilton, C. J. R. Sheppard, and T. Wilson, "Improved imaging of phase gradients in scanning optical microscopy," J. Microsc. 135, 275-286 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1984.tb02533.x
  3. S. B. Mehta and C. J. R. Sheppard, "Quantitative phase-gradient imaging at high resolution with asymmetric illumination-based differential phase contrast," Opt. Lett. 34, 1924-1926 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.34.001924
  4. L. Tian, J. Wang, and L. Waller, "3D differential phase-contrast microscopy with computational illumination using an LED array," Opt. Lett. 39, 1326-1329 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.001326
  5. D. Lee, S. Ryu, U. Kim, D. Jung, and C. Joo, "Color-coded LED microscopy for multi-contrast and quantitative phase-gradient imaging," Biomed. Opt. Express 6, 4912-4922 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.6.004912
  6. Z. F. Phillips, M. Chen, and L. Waller, "Single-shot quantitative phase microscopy with color-multiplexed differential phase contrast (cDPC)," PLoS One 12, e0171228 (2017).
  7. K. Guo, Z. Bian, S. Dong, P. Nanda, Y. M. Wang, and G. Zheng, "Microscopy illumination engineering using a low-cost liquid crystal display," Biomed. Opt. Express 6, 574-579 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.6.000574
  8. Y.-Z. Lin, K.-Y. Huang, and Y. Luo, "Quantitative differential phase contrast imaging at high resolution with radially asymmetric illumination," Opt. Lett. 43, 2973-2976 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.002973
  9. Y. Fan, J. Sun, Q. Chen, X. Pan, M. Trusiak, and C. Zuo, "Single-shot isotropic quantitative phase microscopy based on color-multiplexed differential phase contrast," APL Photonics 4, 121301 (2019).
  10. C. Zuo, J. Sun, S. Feng, M. Zhang, and Q. Chen, "Programmable aperture microscopy: A computational method for multi-modal phase contrast and light field imaging," Opt. Lasers Eng 80, 24-31 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.12.012
  11. H. Lu, J. Chung, X. Ou, and C. Yang, "Quantitative phase imaging and complex field reconstruction by pupil modulation differential phase contrast," Opt. Express 24, 25345-25361 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.025345
  12. L. Tian and L. Waller, "Quantitative differential phase contrast imaging in an LED array microscope," Opt. Express 23, 11394-11403 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.011394
  13. M. Chen, L. Tian, and L. Waller, "3D differential phase contrast microscopy," Biomed. Opt. Express 7, 3940-3950 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.7.003940
  14. W. Lee, D. Jung, S. Ryu, and C. Joo, "Single-exposure quantitative phase imaging in color-coded LED microscopy," Opt. Express 25, 8398-8411 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.008398
  15. J. Li, Q. Chen, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Lu, and C. Zuo, "Efficient quantitative phase microscopy using programmable annular LED illumination," Biomed. Opt. Express 8, 4687-4705 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.8.004687
  16. W. Lee, J.-H. Choi, S. Ryu, D. Jung, J. Song, J.-S. Lee, and C. Joo, "Color-coded LED microscopy for quantitative phase imaging: Implementation and application to sperm motility analysis," Methods 136, 66-74 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.11.010
  17. M. Chen, Z. F. Phillips, and L. Waller, "Quantitative differential phase contrast (DPC) microscopy with computational aberration correction," Opt. Express 26, 32888-32899 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.032888
  18. R. Cao, M. Kellman, D. Ren, R. Eckert, and L. Waller, "Self-calibrated 3D differential phase contrast microscopy with optimized illumination," Biomed. Opt. Express 13, 1671-1684 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.450838
  19. J. Jiang, F. Li, F. Yang, W. Yan, and J. Du, "Single-shot color-coded LED microscopy for quantitative differential phase contrast imaging," Opt. Laser Technol. 161, 109192 (2023).
  20. M. Gu, Advanced Optical Imaging Theory (Springer Berlin, Germany, 2000).
  21. E. Wolf and Y. Li, "Conditions for the validity of the Debye integral representation of focused fields," Opt. Commun. 39, 205-210 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(81)90107-3
  22. J. Kim, "High-aperture optical microscopy methods for super-resolution deep imaging and quantitative phase imaging," PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, USA (2016).
  23. I. Moreno, M. Avendano-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, "Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance," Appl. Opt. 45, 2265-2272 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.002265
  24. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge University Press, UK, 1999).