Acknowledgement
The authors thank Bird Palace in Incheon and Bird Forest in Seoul for supplying samples.
References
- Alacs E and A Georges. 2008. Wildlife across our borders: A review of the illegal trade in Australia. Aust. J. Forensic Sci. 40:147-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450610802491382
- Altschul SF, TL Madden, AA Schaffer, J Zhang, Z Zhang, W Miller and DJ Lipman. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389
- Blanco G, F Hiraldo and JL Tella. 2018. Ecological functions of parrots: An integrative perspective from plant life cycle to ecosystem functioning. Emu 118:36-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2017.1387031
- Branicki W, T Kupiec and R Pawlowski. 2003. Validation of cytochrome b sequence analysis as a method of species identification. J. Forensic Sci. 48:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2002128
- Coghlan ML, NE White, L Parkinson, J Haile, PBS Spencer and M Bunce. 2012. Egg forensics: An appraisal of DNA sequencing to assist in species identification of illegally smuggled eggs. Forensic Sci. Int.-Genet. 6:268-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.06.006
- Dalton DL, M de Bruyn, T Thompson and A Kotze. 2020. Assessing the utility of DNA barcoding in wildlife forensic cases involving South African antelope. Forensic Sci. Int.-Rep. 2:100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100071
- Darriba D, GL Taboada, R Doallo and D Posada. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat. Methods 9:772-772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
- Del Hoyo J. 2020. All the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions. Barcelona, Spain.
- Dereeper A, V Guignon, G Blanc, S Audic, S Buffet, F Chevenet, JF Dufayard, S Guindon, V Lefort, M Lescot, JM Claverie and O Gascuel. 2008. Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:W465-W469. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn180
- Egloff C, A Labrosse, C Hebert and D Crump. 2009. A non-destructive method for obtaining maternal DNA from avian eggshells and its application to embryonic viability determination in herring gulls(Larus argentatus). Mol. Ecol. Resour. 9:19-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02214.x
- Formentao L, AS Saraiva and AR Marrero. 2021. DNA barcoding exposes the need to control the illegal trade of eggs of nonthreatened parrots in Brazil. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 13:275-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-021-01209-4
- Fritz U, M Auer, A Bertolero, M Cheylan, T Fattizzo, AK Hundsdorfer, MM Sampayo, JL Pretus, P SIrok Ý and M Wink. 2006. A rangewide phylogeography of hermann's tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): Implications for taxonomy. Zool. Scr. 35:531-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x
- Hebert PDN, A Cywinska, SL Ball and HR DeWaard. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. BBiol. Sci. 270:313-321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
- Hebert PDN, MY Stoeckle, TS Zemlak and CM Francis. 2004. Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biol. 2:e312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020312
- Kang S, T Kim, J Lee, J Ki and JH Kim. 2022. First report of Amphidinium fijiense (Dinophyceae) from the intertidal zone of a sandy beach of Jeju Island, Korea. Korean J. Environ. Biol. 40:497-509. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2022.40.4.497
- Katoh K and DM Standley. 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30:772-780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
- Kearse M, R Moir, A Wilson, S Stones-Havas, M Cheung, S Sturrock, S Buxton, A Cooper, S Markowitz, C Duran, T Thierer, B Ashton, P Meintjes, A Drummond and A Notes. 2012. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 282:1647-1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
- Khabisi MM, A Salahi and SN Mousavi. 2012. The influence of egg shell crack types on hatchability and chick quality. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 36:289-295. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet1103-20
- Khedkar GD, SB Abhayankar, D Nalage, SN Ahmed and CD Khedkar. 2016. DNA barcode based wildlife forensics for resolving the origin of claw samples using a novel primer cocktail. Mitochondrial DNA Part A 27:3932-3935. https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.987270
- Kim JI, TD Do, D Lee, Y Yeo and CB Kim. 2020. Application of cytochrome b gene sequences for identification of parrots from Korean zoos. Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36:216-221. https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2020.36.3.028
- Kim JI, TD Do, Y Choi, Y Yeo and CB Kim. 2021. Characterization and comparative analysis of complete mitogenomes of three Cacatua parrots (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). Genes 12:209. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020209
- Kim JI, TD Do, Y Yeo and CB Kim. 2022. Comparative analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes of three Trichoglossus species (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae). Mol. Biol. Rep. 49:9121-9127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07791-6
- Kimura M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16:111-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
- Kumar S, G Stecher, M Li, C Knyaz and K Tamura. 2018. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35:1547-1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
- Kumar VP, D Kumar and SP Goyal. 2014. Wildlife DNA forensic in curbing illegal wildlife trade: species identification from seizures. Int. J. Forensic Sci. Pathol. 2:38-42. https://doi.org/10.19070/2332-287X-1400012
- Maio D, P Kalaghatgi, Y Turakhia, R Corbett-Detig, BQ Minh and N Goldman. 2023. Maximum likelihood pandemic-scale phylogenetics. Nat. Gen. 55:746-752. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-023-01368-0
- Manegold A and L Podsiadlowski. 2014. On the systematic position of the Black-collared Lovebird Agapornis swindernianus (Agapornithinae, Psittaciformes). J. Ornithol. 155:581-589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-013-1039-z
- Meyer CP and G Paulay. 2005. DNA barcoding: Error rates based on comprehensive sampling. PLoS Biol. 3:e422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030422
- Mohammadi A, AG Alvanegh, M Khafaei, SH Azarian, M Naderi, E Kiyani, A Miri, H Bahmani, M Ramezani and M Tavallaci. 2017. A new and efficient method for DNA extraction from human skeletal remains usable in DNA typing. J. Appl. Biotechnol. Rep. 4:609-614.
- Nguyen LT, HA SchmidtH, A Von Haeseler and BQ Minh. 2015. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32:268-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
- NIBR. 2016. The Guideline for Import and Export Review of CITES Species. National Institute of Biological Resources. Incheon, Korea.
- Olah G, SH Butchart, A Symes, IM Guzman, R Cunningham, DJ Brightsmith and R Heinsohn. 2016. Ecological and socio-economic factors affecting extinction risk in parrots. Biodivers. Conserv. 25:205-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1036-z
- Ortiz-von Halle B. 2018. Bird's-Eye View: Lessons from 50 Years of Bird Trade Regulation & Conservation in Amazon Countries. TRAFFIC. Cambridge, U.K.
- Oskam CL, J Haile, E McLay, P Rigby, ME Allentoft, ME Olsen, C Bengtsson, GH Miller, J Schwenniger, C Jacomg, R Walter, A Baynes, J Dortch, M Parker-Pearson, MTP Gilbert, RN Holdaway, E Willerslev and M Bunce. 2010. Fossil avian eggshell preserves ancient DNA. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 277:1991-2000. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2019
- Qamar W, MR Khan and A Arafah. 2017. Optimization of conditions to extract high quality DNA for PCR analysis from whole blood using SDS-proteinase K method. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 24:1465-1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09.016
- Park HJ, SY Byeon, SR Park and HJ Lee. 2022. Temporal variation in the community structure of green tide forming macroalgae(Chlorophyta; genus Ulva) on the coast of Jeju Island, Korea based on DNA barcoding. Korean J. Environ. Biol. 40:464-476. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2022.40.4.464
- Pires SF. 2012. The illegal parrot trade: A literature review. Glob. Crime 13:176-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2012.700180
- Ribas CC and CY Miyaki. 2004. Molecular systematics in Aratinga parakeets: Species limits and historical biogeography in the 'solstitialis' group, and the systematic position of Nandayus nenday. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30:663-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00223-9
- Ribas CC, L Joseph and CY Miyaki. 2006. Molecular systematics and patterns of diversification in Pyrrhura (Psittacidae), with special reference to the picta-leucotis complex. Auk 123:660-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.660
- Richards NL, S Hall, NM Harrison, L Gautam, KS Scott, G Dowling, Z Irene and I Fajardo. 2014. Merging wildlife and environmental monitoring approaches with forensic principles: application of unconventional and non-invasive sampling in eco-pharmacovigilance. J. Forensic Res. 5:228. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000228
- Sahajpal V and SP Goyal. 2010. Identification of a forensic case using microscopy and forensically informative nucleotide sequencing(FINS): A case study of small Indian civet(Viverricula indica). Sci. Justice 50:94-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2009.07.002
- Sanchez-Mercado A, JR Ferrer-Paris, JP Rodriguez and JL Tella. 2021. A literature synthesis of actions to tackle illegal parrot trade. Diversity 13:191. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13050191
- Scheffers BR, BF Oliveira, I Lamb and DP Edwards. 2019. Global wildlife trade across the tree of life. Science 366:71-76. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5327
- Sloan S, CJ Jenvey, D Piedrafita, S Preston and MJ Stear. 2021. Comparative evaluation of different molecular methods for DNA extraction from individual Teladorsagia circumcincta nematodes. BMC Biotechnol. 21:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-021-00695-6
- Talavera G and J Castresana. 2007. Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Syst. Biol. 56:564-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701472164
- Trimbos KB, J Broekman, R Kentie, CJ Musters and GR de Snoo. 2009. Using eggshell membranes as a DNA source for population genetic research. J. Ornithol. 150:915-920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0422-2
- Ueland M, A Brown, C Bartos, GJ Frankham, RN Johnson and SL Forbes. 2020. Profiling volatilomes: a novel forensic method for identification of confiscated illegal wildlife items. Separations 7:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations7010005
- Wink M and H Sauer-Gurth. 2000. Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. pp. 135-147. In: Raptors at Risk (Chancellor RD and BU Meyburg, eds.). WWGBP/Hand-cock House. Surrey, B.C.