International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security

International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security (국제컴퓨터통신보호논문지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Integration of Blockchain and Cloud Computing in Telemedicine and Healthcare

  • Asma Albassam (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Fatima Almutairi (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Nouf Majoun (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Reem Althukair (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Zahra Alturaiki (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Atta Rahman (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Dania AlKhulaifi (Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Maqsood Mahmud (Business Analytic Program, Department of Managing and Marketing, College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain)
  • Received : 2023.06.05
  • Published : 2023.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most crucial solutions in numerous industries, including healthcare. The combination of blockchain technology and cloud computing results in improving access to high-quality telemedicine and healthcare services. In addition to developments in healthcare, the operational strategy outlined in Vision 2030 is extremely essential to the improvement of the standard of healthcare in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this survey is to give a thorough analysis of the current state of healthcare technologies that are based on blockchain and cloud computing. We highlight some of the unanswered research questions in this rapidly expanding area and provide some context for them. Furthermore, we demonstrate how blockchain technology can completely alter the medical field and keep health records private; how medical jobs can detect the most critical, dangerous errors with blockchain industries. As it contributes to develop concerns about data manipulation and allows for a new kind of secure data storage pattern to be implemented in healthcare especially in telemedicine fields is discussed diagrammatically.

Keywords

References

  1. D. Son, J. Lee, S. Qiao, R. Ghaffari, J. Kim, J. E. Lee, C. Song, S. J. Kim, D. J. Lee, S. W. Jun, S. Yang, M. Park, J. Shin, K. Do, M. Lee, K. Kang, C. S. Hwang, N. Lu, T. Hyeon, and D. H. Kim, "Multifunctional wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy of movement disorders," Northwestern Scholars. [Online].
  2. A. Zhang, A. Bacchus, and X. Lin, "Consent-based access control for secure and privacy-preserving health information exchange," Security and Communication Networks, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 3496-3508, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/sec.1556
  3. M. Otto, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation - GDPR), 2018.
  4. M. A. Harlev, H. Sun Yin, K. C. Langenheldt, R. Mukkamala, and R. Vatrapu, "Breaking bad: De-anonymising entity types on the bitcoin blockchain using supervised machine learning," Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2018.
  5. M. Powell, "Bitcoin: Economics, technology, and governance," CFA Digest, vol. 45, no. 7, 2015.
  6. P. Mamoshina, L. Ojomoko, Y. Yanovich, A. Ostrovski, A. Botezatu, P. Prikhodko, E. Izumchenko, A. Aliper, K. Romantsov, A. Zhebrak, I. O. Ogu, and A. Zhavoronkov, "Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and Healthcare," Oncotarget, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5665-5690, 2017.
  7. M. Otto, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation - GDPR), 2018.
  8. K. Koshechkin, G. Lebedev, G. Radzievsky, R. Seepold, and N. M. Martinez, "Blockchain technology projects to provide Telemedical Services: Systematic Review (preprint)," 2019.
  9. R. Kumar, Arjunaditya, D. Singh, K. Srinivasan, and Y.-C. Hu, "AI-powered blockchain technology for Public Health: A Contemporary Review, open challenges, and future research directions," Healthcare, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 81, 2022.
  10. L. Huang and H.-H. Lee, "A medical data privacy protection scheme based on Blockchain and cloud computing," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2020, pp. 1-11, 2020.
  11. A. Amanat, M. Rizwan, C. Maple, Y. B. Zikria, A. S. Almadhor, and S. W. Kim, "Blockchain and cloud computing-based Secure Electronic Healthcare Records storage and sharing," Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, 2022.
  12. S. Ahmed and M. Raja, "Virtual Hospitals: Integration of telemedicine, healthcare services, and cloud computing," Telemedicine and Electronic Medicine, pp. 51-72, 2015.
  13. R. C. Celiz, Y. E. De La Cruz, and D. M. Sanchez, "Cloud model for purchase management in health sector of Peru based on IOT and Blockchain," 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2018.
  14. X. Zheng, R. R. Mukkamala, R. Vatrapu, and J. Ordieres-Mere, "Blockchain-based personal health data sharing system using cloud storage," 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom), 2018.
  15. L. Ismail, H. Materwala, and A. Hennebelle, "A scoping review of integrated blockchain-cloud (BCC) architecture for healthcare: Applications, challenges and solutions," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 11, p. 3753, 2021.
  16. M. Roy and M. Singh, "Analytical Study of blockchain enabled security enhancement methods for healthcare data," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1131, no. 1, p. 012002, 2021.
  17. D. C. Nguyen, P. N. Pathirana, M. Ding, and A. Seneviratne, "Blockchain for secure EHRS sharing of mobile cloudbased E-Health Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 66792-66806, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917555
  18. L. Bell, W. J. Buchanan, J. Cameron, and O. Lo, "Applications of blockchain within healthcare," Blockchain in Healthcare Today, vol. 1, 2018.
  19. T. A. Khan et al., "Secure IoMT for Disease Prediction Empowered with Transfer Learning in Healthcare 5.0, the Concept and Case Study," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 39418-39430, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3266156.
  20. Musleh, D.; Alotaibi, M.; Alhaidari, F.; Rahman, A.; Mohammad, R.M. Intrusion Detection System Using Feature Extraction with Machine Learning Algorithms in IoT. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2023, 12, 29.
  21. Basheer Ahmed, M.I.; Zaghdoud, R.; Ahmed, M.S.; Sendi, R.; Alsharif, S.; Alabdulkarim, J.; Albin Saad, B.A.; Alsabt, R.; Rahman, A.; Krishnasamy, G. A Real-Time Computer Vision Based Approach to Detection and Classification of Traffic Incidents. Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2023, 7, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010022.
  22. Alqarni, A.; Rahman, A. Arabic Tweets-Based Sentiment Analysis to Investigate the Impact of COVID-19 in KSA: A Deep Learning Approach. Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2023, 7, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010016.
  23. Sajid, N.A.; Rahman, A.; Ahmad, M.; Musleh, D.; Basheer Ahmed, M.I.; Alassaf, R.; Chabani, S.; Ahmed, M.S.; Salam, A.A.; AlKhulaifi, D. Single vs. Multi-Label: The Issues, Challenges and Insights of Contemporary Classification Schemes. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 6804.
  24. Gollapalli, M.; Rahman, A.; Alkharraa, M.; Saraireh, L.; AlKhulaifi, D.; Salam, A.A.; Krishnasamy, G.; Alam Khan, M.A.; Farooqui, M.; Mahmud, M.; Hatab, R. SUNFIT: A Machine Learning-Based Sustainable University Field Training Framework for Higher Education. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8057. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108057.
  25. Talha, M.; Sarfraz, M.; Rahman, A.; Ghauri, S.A.; Mohammad, R.M.; Krishnasamy, G.; Alkharraa, M. Voting-Based Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (VB-DCNNs) for M-QAM and M-PSK Signals Classification. Electronics 2023, 12, 1913.
  26. M. A. Qureshi, M. Asif, S. Anwar, U. Shaukat, M. A. Khan et al., "Aspect level songs rating based upon reviews in english," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 74, no.2, pp. 2589-2605, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.032173
  27. N. A. Sajid, M. Ahmad, A. Rahman, G. Zaman, M. S. Ahmed et al., "A novel metadata based multi-label document classification technique," Computer Systems Science and Engineering, vol. 46(2), pp. 2195-2214, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.033844
  28. S. Abbas, S. A. Raza, M. A. Khan, M. A. Khan, Atta-ur-Rahman et al., "Automated file labeling for heterogeneous files organization using machine learning," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 74, no.2, pp. 3263-3278, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.032864
  29. M. S. Farooq, S. Abbas, Atta-ur-Rahman, K. Sultan, M. A. Khan et al., "A fused machine learning approach for intrusion detection system," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 74, no.2, pp. 2607-2623, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.032617
  30. Alhaidari, F., Rahman, A. & Zagrouba, R. Cloud of Things: architecture, applications and challenges. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 14, 5957-5975 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02448-3.
  31. Rahman, A. GRBF-NN based ambient aware realtime adaptive communication in DVB-S2. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 14, 5929-5939 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02174-w.
  32. Ahmad, M., Qadir, M.A., Rahman, A. et al. Enhanced query processing over semantic cache for cloud based relational databases. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 14, 5853-5871 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-01943-x.
  33. Rizwana Naz Asif, Sagheer Abbas, Muhammad Adnan Khan, undefined Atta-ur-Rahman, Kiran Sultan, Maqsood Mahmud, Amir Mosavi, "Development and Validation of Embedded Device for Electrocardiogram Arrhythmia Empowered with Transfer Learning", Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2022, Article ID 5054641, 15 pages, 2022.
  34. Nasir, M.U.; Zubair, M.; Ghazal, T.M.; Khan, M.F.; Ahmad, M.; Rahman, A.-u.; Hamadi, H.A.; Khan, M.A.; Mansoor, W. Kidney Cancer Prediction Empowered with Blockchain Security Using Transfer Learning. Sensors 2022, 22, 7483.
  35. Rahman AU, Asif RN, Sultan K, Alsaif SA, Abbas S, Khan MA, Mosavi A. ECG Classification for Detecting ECG Arrhythmia Empowered with Deep Learning Approaches. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022 Jul 31; 2022:6852845. doi: 10.1155/2022/6852845.
  36. Atta-ur Rahman, Muhammad Umar Nasir, Mohammed Gollapalli, Suleiman Ali Alsaif, Ahmad S. Almadhor, Shahid Mehmood, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Amir Mosavi, "IoMT-Based Mitochondrial and Multifactorial Genetic Inheritance Disorder Prediction Using Machine Learning", Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2022, Article ID 2650742, 8 pages, 2022.
  37. Nasir, M.U.; Khan, S.; Mehmood, S.; Khan, M.A.; Rahman, A.-u.; Hwang, S.O. IoMT-Based Osteosarcoma Cancer Detection in Histopathology Images Using Transfer Learning Empowered with Blockchain, Fog Computing, and Edge Computing. Sensors 2022, 22, 5444.
  38. Atta-ur-Rahman et al., "Advance Genome Disorder Prediction Model Empowered with Deep Learning," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 70317-70328, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3186998.
  39. Muhammad Umar Nasir, Taher M. Ghazal, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Muhammad Zubair, Atta-ur Rahman, Rashad Ahmed, Hussam Al Hamadi, Chan Yeob Yeun, "Breast Cancer Prediction Empowered with Fine-Tuning", Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2022, Article ID 5918686, 9 pages, 2022.
  40. Alaa Albahrani, Zainab Ali AL-Ali, Zainab Yousef Al-Ali, Aqeela Al-Mssri, Mashael AL-Shalan, Atta Rahman, Gomathi Krishnasamy, "Smart Attendance Management System," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 22 (6), 762-770, 2022.
  41. D. Alkhulaifi, M. Alqahtani, W. Hantom, A. Rahman, T. Iqbal, "Blockchain Framework for Integrated Petrochemical Complexes," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 22 (6), 747-756, 2022.
  42. N. Aldowesh, A. Alfaleh, M. Alhejazi, H. Baghdadi, A. Rahman, "Electronic Data Interchange Framework for Financial Management System," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 22 (6), 275-287, 2022.
  43. A. Rahman et al., "Geo-Spatial Disease Clustering for Public Health Decision Making," Informatica, 46 (6):21-32, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v46i6.3827
  44. Muhammad Bilal Shoaib Khan, Atta-ur-Rahman, Muhammad Saqib Nawaz, Rashad Ahmed, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Amir Mosavi. Intelligent breast cancer diagnostic system empowered by deep extreme gradient descent optimization[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(8): 7978-8002. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022373
  45. Taher M. Ghazal, Hussam Al Hamadi, Muhammad Umar Nasir, undefined Atta-ur-Rahman, Mohammed Gollapalli, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Chan Yeob Yeun, "Supervised Machine Learning Empowered Multifactorial Genetic Inheritance Disorder Prediction", Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2022, Article ID 1051388, 10 pages, 2022.
  46. Rahman, A.; Alqahtani, A.; Aldhafferi, N.; Nasir, M.U.; Khan, M.F.; Khan, M.A.; Mosavi, A. Histopathologic Oral Cancer Prediction Using Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Biopsy Empowered with Transfer Learning. Sensors 2022, 22, 3833. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103833.
  47. Fahd Alhaidari, Nouran Abu Shaib, Maram Alsafi, Haneen Alharbi, Majd Alawami, Reem Aljindan, Atta-ur Rahman, Rachid Zagrouba, "ZeVigilante: Detecting Zero-Day Malware Using Machine Learning and Sandboxing Analysis Techniques", Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2022, Article ID 1615528, 15 pages, 2022.
  48. Rahman, A.; Abbas, S.; Gollapalli, M.; Ahmed, R.; Aftab, S.; Ahmad, M.; Khan, M.A.; Mosavi, A. Rainfall Prediction System Using Machine Learning Fusion for Smart Cities. Sensors 2022, 22, 3504. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093504.
  49. M. Gollapalli, A. Rahman, D. Musleh, N. Ibrahim, M. Adnan Khan et al., "A neuro-fuzzy approach to road traffic congestion prediction," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 73, no.1, pp. 295-310, 2022. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.027925
  50. W. Hantom, A. Aldweesh, R. Alzaher, A. Rahman, "A Survey on Scheduling Algorithms in Real-Time Systems," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 22 (4), 686-690, 2022.
  51. M. Jamal, N. Ahmad Zafar, A. Rahman, D. Musleh, M. A. Gollapalli et al., "Modeling and verification of aircraft takeoff through novel quantum nets," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 72, no.2, pp. 3331-3348, 2022. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.025205
  52. Ibrahim, N.M., Gabr, D.G.I., Rahman, Au. et al. A deep learning approach to intelligent fruit identification and family classification. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 27783-27798 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12942-9.
  53. Noura AlDossary, Sarah AlQahtani, Haya AlUbaidan, Atta Rahman, "A Survey on Resource Allocation Algorithms and Models in Cloud Computing," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 22 (3), 776-782, 2022.
  54. Al-Jawad, F., R. Alessa, S. Alhammad, B. Ali, M. Al-Qanbar, and A. Rahman. "Applications of 5G and 6G in smart health services." International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security 22, no. 3 (2022): 173-182.
  55. Arooj S, Rahman, A., Zubair M, Khan MF, Alissa K, Khan MA, Mosavi A. Breast Cancer Detection and Classification Empowered with Transfer Learning. Front Public Health. 2022 Jul 4; 10:924432. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924432.
  56. A. Rahman, K. Sultan, I. Naseer, et al., "Supervised machine learning-based prediction of covid-19," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 69, no.1, pp. 21-34, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.013453
  57. Dilawari, A.; Khan, M.U.G.; Al-Otaibi, Y.D.; Rehman, Z.-u.; Rahman, A.-u.; Nam, Y. Natural Language Description of Videos for Smart Surveillance. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3730..
  58. Nazar Abbas Saqib, Asiya Abdus Salam, Atta-Ur-Rahman & Sujata Dash (2021) Reviewing risks and vulnerabilities in web 2.0 for matching security considerations in web 3.0, Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, 24:3, 809-825. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2020.1857903
  59. S. Majed Alotaibi, A. Rahman, M. Imran Basheer and M. Adnan Khan, "Ensemble machine learning based identification of pediatric epilepsy," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 68, no.1, pp. 149-165, 2021.\ https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.015976
  60. Naseer Ahmed Sajid, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Tanvir Afzal, and Atta-ur-Rahman, "Exploiting Papers' Reference's Section for Multi-Label Computer Science Research Papers' Classification," Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 22 (2): 1-21, 2021.
  61. G. Zaman, H. Mahdin, K. Hussain, Atta-Ur-Rahman, J. Abawajy and S. A. Mostafa, "An Ontological Framework for Information Extraction from Diverse Scientific Sources," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 42111-42124, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063181.
  62. R. Ali Naqvi, M. Faheem Mushtaq, N. Ali Mian, M. Adnan Khan, A. et al., "Coronavirus: a "mild" virus turned deadly infection," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 67, no.2, pp. 2631-2646, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.012167
  63. Atta-ur-Rahman, Dash, S., Luhach, A.K. et al. A Neurofuzzy approach for user behaviour classification and prediction. J Cloud Comp 8, 17 (2019).
  64. Maqsood Mahmud, Atta Rahman, Malrey Lee, Jae-Young Choi, "Evolutionary-based image encryption using RNA codons truth table," Optics & Laser Technology, 121, 2020.
  65. Almubayedh, D.A., Alazman, G., Alkhalis, M. et al. Quantum bit commitment on IBM QX. Quantum Inf Process 19, 55 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-019-2543-8.
  66. Rahman, Au., Dash, S. & Luhach, A.K. Dynamic MODCOD and power allocation in DVB-S2: a hybrid intelligent approach. Telecommun Syst 76, 49-61 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-020-00700-x
  67. M.T. Naseem, I.M. Qureshi, Atta Rahman, M.Z. Muzaffar, "Robust and Fragile Watermarking for Medical Images using Redundant Residue Number System and Chaos," Neural Network World, 30(3): 177-192, 2020. https://doi.org/10.14311/NNW.2020.30.013
  68. A. Rehman, A. Athar, et al., "Modelling, simulation, and optimization of diabetes type II prediction using deep extreme learning machine," Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, vol. 12(2), pp. 125-138, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-200554
  69. M. Adnan Khan, S. Abbas, A. Atta, et al., "Intelligent cloud-based heart disease prediction system empowered with supervised machine learning," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 65, no.1, pp. 139-151, 2020. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.011416
  70. R. Zagrouba, A. AlAbdullatif, K. AlAjaji, N. Al-Serhani, F. Alhaidari et al., "Authenblue: a new authentication protocol for the industrial internet of things," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 67, no.1, pp. 1103-1119, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.014035
  71. G Zaman, H Mahdin, K Hussain, A Rahman, N Ibrahim, NZM Safar, "Digital Library of Online PDF Sources: An ETL Approach," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. 20 (11), 172-181, 2021.
  72. S Dash, S BISWA, D BANERJEE, A Rahman, "Edge and Fog Computing in Healthcare - A Review," Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 20 (2), 191-205, 2019. https://doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v20i2.1504
  73. Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (2019). A Comprehensive Study of Mobile Computing in Telemedicine. In: Luhach, A., Singh, D., Hsiung, PA., Hawari, K., Lingras, P., Singh, P. (eds) Advanced Informatics for Computing Research. ICAICR 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 956. Springer, Singapore.
  74. A Rahman, "Optimum information embedding in digital watermarking," Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 37 (1), 553-564, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-162405
  75. A Rahman, "Memetic computing based numerical solution to Troesch problem," Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 36 (6), 1545-1554, 2019.