Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Newly identified maltol derivatives in Korean Red Ginseng and their biological influence as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

  • Jeong Hun Cho (Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC) ;
  • Myoung Chong Song (Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Yonghee Lee (Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC) ;
  • Seung-Taek Noh (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Dae-Ok Kim (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Chan-Su Rha (Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC)
  • Received : 2022.05.03
  • Accepted : 2023.02.12
  • Published : 2023.07.01
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Abstract

Background: Korean Red Ginseng is a major source of bioactive substances such as ginsenosides. Efficacy of red ginseng extract (RGE), which contains not only saponins but also various non-saponins, has long been studied. In the water-soluble component-rich fraction of RGE (WS), a byproduct generated in the process of extracting saponins from the RGE, we identified previously unidentified molecules and confirmed their efficacy. Methods: The RGE was prepared and used to produce WS, whose components were isolated sequentially according to their water affinity. The new compounds from WS were fractionized and structurally analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physiological applicability was evaluated by verifying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies of these compounds in vitro. Results: High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the obtained WS comprised 11 phenolic acid and flavonoid substances. Among four major compounds from fractions 1-4 (F1-4) of WS, two compounds from F3 and F4 were newly identified in red ginseng. The analysis results show that these compound molecules are member of the maltol-structure-based glucopyranose series, and F1 and F4 are particularly effective for decreasing oxidative stress levels and inhibiting nitric oxide secretion, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a few newly identified maltol derivatives, such as red ginseng-derived non-saponin in the WS, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, making them viable candidates for application to pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional food materials.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to those who provided sincere supports; ginseng raw material was kindly obtained from Dong-Joo Oh, Osulloc Farm Co., Seogwipo, Republic of Korea, and purified compounds were identified by Doo-Hee Lee using HRMS, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

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