Biomolecules & Therapeutics

The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology (한국응용약물학회)
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Exosomes: Nomenclature, Isolation, and Biological Roles in Liver Diseases

  • Seol Hee Park (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University) ;
  • Eun Kyeong Lee (College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Joowon Yim (College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Min Hoo Lee (College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Eojin Lee (College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Young-Sun Lee (Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical Center) ;
  • Wonhyo Seo (College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University)
  • Received : 2022.12.13
  • Accepted : 2023.03.10
  • Published : 2023.05.01
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Abstract

The biogenesis and biological roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the progression of liver diseases have attracted considerable attention in recent years. EVs are membrane-bound nanosized vesicles found in different types of body fluids and contain various bioactive materials, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and mitochondrial DNA. Based on their origin and biogenesis, EVs can be classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes are the smallest EVs (30-150 nm in diameter), which play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, exosomal content analysis can reveal the functional state of the parental cell. Therefore, exosomes can be applied to various purposes, including disease diagnosis and treatment, drug delivery, cell-free vaccines, and regenerative medicine. However, exosome-related research faces two major limitations: isolation of exosomes with high yield and purity and distinction of exosomes from other EVs (especially microvesicles). No standardized exosome isolation method has been established to date; however, various exosome isolation strategies have been proposed to investigate their biological roles. Exosome-mediated intercellular communications are known to be involved in alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development. Damaged hepatocytes or nonparenchymal cells release large numbers of exosomes that promote the progression of inflammation and fibrogenesis through interactions with neighboring cells. Exosomes are expected to provide insight on the progression of liver disease. Here, we review the biogenesis of exosomes, exosome isolation techniques, and biological roles of exosomes in alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (2018R1A5A2025286, 2021R1C1C1009445 and 2022R1C1C1008912), Korea Mouse Phenotyping Project (2014M3A9D5A01073556), Korea Basic Science Institute grant (National research Facilities and Equipment Center; 2021R1A6C101A442) and Supporting Program of The Korean Association for the Study of the Liver and The Korean Liver Foundation.

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