DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Digital Shadow Work on Foreign Users' Emotions and Behaviors during the Use of Korean Online Shopping Sites

  • Pooja Khandagale (Department of Digital Future Convergence Service Interdisciplinary Program, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Joon Koh (Department of Business Administration, Chonnam National University)
  • Received : 2022.12.05
  • Accepted : 2023.03.27
  • Published : 2023.06.30

Abstract

Social distancing required the use of doorstep delivery for nearly all purchases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Foreign users in Korea are forced to participate in superfluous tasks, leading to an increase in their anxiety and fatigue while online shopping. This study examines how digital shadow work stemming from the language barrier can affect the emotions and behaviors of foreign shoppers that use Korean shopping sites. By interviewing 37 foreign users in Korea, this draft examined their experiences, behaviors, and emotional output, classifying them into 14 codes and seven categories. Using grounded theory, we found that online shoppers' emotions, feelings, experiences, and decision making may be changed in the stages of the pre-use, use, and post-use activities. User responses regarding shadow work and related obstacles can be seen with the continue, discontinue, and optional (occasional use) of Korean online shopping sites. Pleasure and satisfaction come from high efficiency and privileges, whereas anger and disappointment come from poor self-confidence and pessimism. Furthermore, buyer behavior and product orientation are identified as intervening conditions, while the online vs. offline shopping experiences are identified as contextual conditions. In conclusion, language barriers and other factors make online shopping difficult for foreign shoppers, which negatively affects their psychological mechanisms and buying behaviors. The implications from the study findings and future research are also discussed.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021S1A3A2A02089809).

References

  1. Agyapong, H. A. (2018). Exploring the influential factors of online purchase intention in Finland. Journal of Business Economics and Tourism, 1(50), 1-50.
  2. Ahmad, S. Z., and Buchanan, F. R. (2017). Motivation factors in students decision to study at international branch campuses in Malaysia. Studies in Higher Education, 42(4), 651-668. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1067604
  3. Alvenfors, A., Velic, M., Marklund, B., Kylen, S., Lingstrom, P., and Bernson, J. (2022). "Difficult" dental patients: A grounded theory study of dental staff's experiences. BDJ Open, 8(24). (Open access)
  4. Babin, B. J., and Attaway, J. S. (2000). Atmospheric affect as a tool for creating values and gaining share of customers. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00011-9
  5. Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). An empirical analysis of the antecedents of electronic commerce service continuance. Decision Support Systems, 32, 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9236(01)00111-7
  6. Bridges, E., and Florsheim, R. (2008). Hedonic and utilitarian shopping goals: The online experience. Journal of Business Research, 61(4), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.017
  7. Beaudry, A., and Pinsonneault, A. (2010). The other side of acceptance: Studying the direct and indirect effects of emotions on information technology use. MIS Quarterly, 34(4), 689-710. https://doi.org/10.2307/25750701
  8. Becerra, E. P., Badrinarayanan, V., and Kim, C. H. (2013). Influence of thinking tendencies on online transaction of hybrid retailers. Journal of Business Research, 66(3), 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.014
  9. Chatterjee, P. (2001). Online reviews: Do consumers use them? Advances in Consumer Research, 28, 129-133.
  10. Cho, N., and Park, S. (2001). Development of Electronic Commerce User-Consumer Satisfaction Index (ECUSI) for Internet shopping. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 101(8), 400-405. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006170
  11. Chun Tie, Y., Birks, M., and Francis, K. (2019). Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822927
  12. Cheng, J. M. S., Wang, E. S. T., Lin, J. Y. C., Chen, L. S., and Huang, W. H. (2008). Do extrinsic cues affect purchase risk at international e-tailers: The mediating effect of perceived e-tailer service quality? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 15(5), 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2007.11.001
  13. David, G. (2002). Customer loyalty in e-commerce. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 3(1), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00022
  14. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
  15. Edwards, S. M., Lee, J. K., and La Ferle, C. (2009). Does place matter when shopping online? Perceptions of similarity and familiarity as indicators of psychological distance. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10(1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2009.10722161
  16. Feng, W., Tu, R., Lu, T., and Zhou, Z. (2019). Understanding forced adoption of self-service technology: The impacts of users' psychological reactance. Behavior Information Technology, 38, 820-832. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1557745
  17. Gasson, S., and Waters, J. (2013). Using a grounded theory approach to study online collaboration behaviors. European Journal of Information Systems, 22(1), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2011.24
  18. Gautam, V., and Sharma, V. (2020). Online young consumer shopping self-efficacy: An Indian exploration. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 30(3), 532-546. https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2020.30.3.532
  19. Harrison-Walker, L. J. (2002). If you build it, will they come? Barriers to international e-marketing. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 10(2), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2002.11501912
  20. Haubl, G., and V. Trifts, V. (2000). Consumer decision making in online shopping environments: The effects of interactive aids. Marketing Science, 19(1), 4-21. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.19.1.4.15178
  21. Illich, I. (1981). Shadow Work. Oxford, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2007.
  22. Javenpaa, S. L., and Todd, P. A. (1997). Consumer reactions to electronic shopping on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 1(2), 59-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.1996.11518283
  23. Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N., and Vitale, M. (2000). Consumer trust in an Internet store. Information Technology and Management, 1(1-2), 45-71. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019104520776
  24. Jinyevu, S. A., and Mwasha, N. A. (2014). Exploring foreigners' online shopping experience in China: A case of Taobao. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 177-186.
  25. Jon, J.-E, Lee, J. J., and Byun, K. (2014). The emergence of a regional hub: Comparing international student choices and experiences in South Korea. The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning Education, 67(5), 691-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9674-0
  26. Jun, B., and Kang, B. G. (2013). Effects of information quality on customer satisfaction and continuous intention to use in social commerce. Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information, 18(3), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2013.18.3.127
  27. Kim, J. Y., Suh, E. K., and Suh, K. S. (2008). Effects of perceived similarity between consumers and product reviewers on consumer behaviours. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 18(3), 67-90.
  28. Kim, M., Oh, H. M., and McNiel, R. M. (2008). Determinants of online shoppers' satisfaction in Korea, Applied Economics Letters, 15, 805-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850600749164
  29. Knight. J. (2011). Education hubs: A fad, a brand, an innovation? Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(3), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311398046
  30. Kohli, R., Devaraj, S., and Mahmood, M. A. (2004). Understanding determinants of online consumer satisfaction: A decision process perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 21(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2004.11045796
  31. Kwahk, K. Y., and Ji, S. Y. (2008). Examining the moderating effect of involvement in the internet purchase decision process. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 18(2), 15-40.
  32. Lambert, C. (2015). Shadow Work: The Unpaid, Unseen Jobs That Fill Your Day. Catapult.
  33. Lee, A. and Rhee, Y. (2018). The differences of online word-of mouth acceptance and re-delivery intention: On the interaction effects of fashion involvement and market maven. The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, 26(2), 172-187. https://doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2018.26.2.172
  34. Lee, J. J., Jon, J.-E., and Byun, K. (2017). Neo-racism and neo-nationalism within East Asia: The experiences of international students in South Korea. Journal of Studies in International Education, 21(2), 136-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315316669903
  35. Lee, C. M., and Botto, K. (2021). Demographics and future of South Korea, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC.
  36. Lee, W. K. (2021). Classification, dynamics, and research direction in digital shadow work. The Journal of Information Systems, 30(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.5859/KAIS.2021.30.1.105
  37. Liang, X., Feipeng, G., Fumao, Y., and Shengnan, L. (2019). The effects of online shopping context cues on consumers' purchase intention for cross-border E-Commerce. Sustainability, 11(10), 2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102777
  38. Lim, K. H., Leung, K., Sia, C. L., and Lee, M. K. (2004). Is ecommerce boundary-less? Effects of individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance on Internet shopping. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(6), 545-559. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400104
  39. Marginson, S. (2011). Higher education and public good. Higher Education Quarterly, 65(4), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2011.00496.x
  40. Mathew, P. M., and Mishra, S. (2014). Online retailing in India: Linking internet usage perceived risks website attributes and past online purchase behavior. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 65(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2014.tb00466.x
  41. Mohlmann, M., Zalmanson, L., Henfridsson, O., and Gregory, R. W. (2021). Algorithmic management of work on online labor platforms. MIS Quarterly, 45(4), 1999-2022. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2021/15333
  42. Monsuwe, T. P., Dellaert, B. G. C., and Ryuter, K. (2004). What drives consumers to shop online? A literature review. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 15(1), 102-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230410523358
  43. Musa, R., Nasaratnam, S. A., Rethinam, K., Varatharajoo, P. M., and Shanmugam, A. (2022). A study of factors influenced online shopping behaviour in Malaysia: A structural approach. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 19, 531-541. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.48
  44. Mukherjee, A., and Nath, P. (2007). Role of electronic trust in online retailing: A re-examination of the commitment-trust theory. European Journal of Marketing, 41(9/10), 1173-1202. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710773390
  45. Nawaz, A., Mesiya, Y. A., and Dos-Santos, M. (2021). Factors affecting customer's online purchase behaviour: The case study of Karachi, PK. In 36th IBIMA Conference. Granada, Spain.
  46. Nguyen, N. T. H., Pham, T. H. L., and Nguyen, T. H. T. (2021). Factors influencing online shopping intention: An empirical study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 1257-266. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO3.1257
  47. Park, S. C., and Lee, W. K. (2017). Using a grounded theory approach for understanding multichannel user's crossover shopping behaviour. Information Systems Review, 19(3), 179-199.
  48. Park, S. C., Lee, W. K., Koh, J., and Ryoo, S. Y. (2020). Identifying shadow work mechanism in digital technology environments. Korean Business Review, 49(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2020.49.1.31
  49. Park, S., and Lee, W. K. (2019). Using grounded theory techniques for reviewing literature: Shadow work in digital environment. Knowledge Management Research, 20(2), 183-195.
  50. Palmer, J. W. (2002). Web site usability, design, and performance metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.2.151.88
  51. Pavlou, P. A., Liang, H., and Xue, Y., (2007). Understanding and mitigating uncertainty in online exchange relationships: A principal - agent perspective. MIS Quarterly, 31(1), 105-136. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148783
  52. Pham, H. C. (2020). Factors affecting consumer goods buyer's choice in E-commerce site: Evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 947-953. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.947
  53. Pekrun, R., and Stephens, E. J. (2010). Achievement emotions: A control value approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(4), 238-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00259.x
  54. Pupo, N., and Duffy, A. (2012). Unpaid work, capital, and coercion. Work Organization, Labor and Globalization, 6(1), 27-47.
  55. Rao, Y., Saleem, A., Saeed, W., and UlHaq, J. (2021). Online consumer satisfaction during COVID-19: Perspective of a developing country. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 4212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751854
  56. Reibstein, D. J. (2002). What attracts customers to online stores, and what keeps them coming back? Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/009207002236918
  57. Ryoo, S. Y., and Park, S. C. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of digital shadow work in mobile shopping apps context. Sustainability, 13(14), 7697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147697
  58. Sabiote, C. M., Frias, D. M., and Castaneda, J. A. (2012). The moderating effect of uncertainty-voidance on overall perceived value of a service purchased online. Internet Research, 22(2), 180-198. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211214557
  59. Safari, A. (2014). Consumer foreign online purchasing: Uncertainty in the consumer-retailer relationship. Semantic Scholar, 168, 72.
  60. Sinkovics, N., Sinkovics, R. R., and Jean, R. J. B. (2013). The Internet as an alternative path to internationalization? International Marketing Review, 30(2), 130-155. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331311314556
  61. Shang, R. A., Chen, Y. C., and Shen, L. (2005). Extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations for consumers to shop on-line. Information & Management, 42(2), 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2004.01.009
  62. Shim, J. P., Shin, Y. B., and Nottingham, L. (2002). Retailer web site influence on customer shopping: An exploratory study on key factors of customer satisfaction. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 3, 53-76. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00023
  63. Shim, S., Eastlick, M. A., Lotz, S. L., and Warrington, P. (2001). An online pre purchase intentions model: The role of intention to search. Journal of Retailing, 77(3), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00051-3
  64. Venkatesh, V., Speier-Pero, C., and Schuetz, S. W. (2022). Why do people shop online? A comprehensive framework of consumers' online shopping intentions and behaviours. Information Technology & People, 35(5), 1590-1620. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-12-2020-0867
  65. Wang, F. and Head, M. (2007). How can the web help build customer relationships? An empirical study on e-tailing. Information & Management, 44(2), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.10.008
  66. Weibin, D., Ting, S., Yiming, Z., and Chunli, T. (2021). Factors affecting consumers' online choice intention: A study based on Bayesian network. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731850
  67. Wiesche, M., Jurisch, M. C., Yetton, P. W., and Krcmar, H. (2017). Grounded theory methodology in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 41(3), 685-701. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.3.02
  68. Yamin, M. and Sinkovics, R. R. (2006). Online internationalisation, psychic distance reduction and the virtuality trap. International Business Review, 16(4), 339-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.03.002