Acknowledgement
한국보건산업진흥원 보건의료기술연구개발사업의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(Grant HI22C1884).
References
- Foley C, Bloomer M, Hutchinson AM. Factors that influence intensive care admission decisions for older people: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care 2023;36:274-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2021.12.006
- Sidney S, Go AS, Jaffe MG, Solomon MD, Ambrosy AP, Rana JS. Association between aging of the US population and heart disease mortality from 2011 to 2017. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:1280-1286. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4187
- Won CW, Kim S, Swagerty D. Why Geriatric medicine is important for Korea: lessons learned in the United States. J Korean Med Sci 2018;33:e175. Published 2018 May 14.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Persons with hospital stays in the past year, by selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1997-2018.
- Kosis kr [homepage on the Internet]. Ministry of Health and Welfare, National health and medical status statistics (2015) [updated 2021 December 10; cited 2023 September 6]. Available from: http://kosis.kr/.
- Olofsson SM, Weitzner MA, Valentine AD, Baile WF, Meyers CA. A retrospective study of the psychiatric management and outcome of delirium in the cancer patient. Support Care Cancer 1996;4:351-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01788841
- Cummings J, Mintzer J, Brodaty H, Sano M, Banerjee S, Devanand DP, Gauthier S, Howard R, Lanctot K, Lyketsos CG, Peskind E, Porsteinsson AP, Reich E, Sampaio C, Steffens D, Wortmann M, Zhong K. Agitation in cognitive disorders: International Psychogeriatric Association provisional consensus clinical and research definition. Int Psychogeriatr 2015;27:7-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214001963
- Kongpakwattana K, Sawangjit R, Tawankanjanachot I, Bell JS, Hilmer SN, Chaiyakunapruk N. Pharmacological treatments for alleviating agitation in dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:1445-1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13604
- Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2006;354(15):1655]. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra052321
- van Eijsden WA, Raats JW, Mulder PG, van der Laan L. New aspects of delirium in elderly patients with critical limb ischemia. Clin Interv Aging 2015;10:1537-1546. Published 2015 Sep 28. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S87383
- Vieta E, Garriga M, Cardete L, Bernardo M, Lombrana M, Blanch J, Catalan R, Vazquez M, Soler V, Ortuno N, Martinez-Aran A. Protocol for the management of psychiatric patients with psychomotor agitation. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:328.
- Garrote-Camara ME, Gea-Caballero V, Sufrate-Sorzano T, Rubinat-Arnaldo E, Santos-Sanchez JA, Cobos-Rincon A, Santolalla-Arnedo I, Juarez-Vela R. Clinical and sociodemographic profile of psychomotor agitation in mental health hospitalisation: a multicentre study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:15972. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315972. PMID: 36498042; PMCID: PMC9735933.
- Fraser GL, Prato BS, Riker RR, Berthiaume D, Wilkins ML. Frequency, severity, and treatment of agitation in young versus elderly patients in the ICU. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 2000;20:75-82. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.1.75.34663
- Jaber S, Chanques G, Altairac C, Sebbane M, Vergne C, Perrigault PF, Eledjam JJ. A prospective study of agitation in a medical-surgical ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. Chest 2005;128:2749-2757. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.4.2749
- McNicoll L, Pisani MA, Zhang Y, Ely EW, Siegel MD, Inouye SK. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:591-598. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00201.x
- Inouye SK, Zhang Y, Jones RN, Kiely DK, Yang F, Marcantonio ER. Risk factors for delirium at discharge: development and validation of a predictive model. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1406-1413. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.13.1406
- Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Van Ness PH, Araujo KL, Inouye SK. Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1629-1634. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.15.1629
- Yudofsky SC, Hales RE. Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, 5th ed. Washington DC: The American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.;2007. p.446-517.
- Lee SB, Oh JH, Park JH, Choi SP, Wee JH. Differences in youngest-old, middle-old, and oldest-old patients who visit the emergency department. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2018;5:249-255. https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.17.261
- Lee IJ. Comparison of level and correlates of depression among the young old, the older old, and the oldest old: Focused on moderating role of psychosocial resources on the effect of worry. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Education 2017;38:1-23.
- Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, Tesoro EP, Elswick RK. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1338-1344. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2107138
- Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Thomason JW, Jackson JC, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:479-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x
- Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8
- Aoyama T, Yamamoto N, Kamiya M, Murakawa M, Tamagawa H, Sawazaki S, Numata M, Kobayashi S, Ueno M, Morimoto M, Shiozawa M, Yukawa N, Oshima T, Yoshikawa T, Rino Y, Masuda M, Morinaga S. The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index is an independent prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer patients who receive curative resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Ther 2020;16(Supplement):S116-S121. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_440_18
- Ock M, Jo MW, Kim J, Park YK, Kim Y. Development of healthcare service delivery indicator to strengthen the function of each type of hospital-level medical institution. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Research 2021;1:143-151. https://doi.org/10.52937/hira.21.1.2.143
- Seo YE, Kim TS, Won WY, Lee, CU, Lee C. Risk factors associated with the severity of delirium. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2010;586-592.
- Mittal D, Majithia D, Kennedy R, Rhudy J. Differences in characteristics and outcome of delirium as based on referral patterns. Psychosomatics 2006;47:367-375. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.47.5.367
- Lawlor PG, Nekolaichuk C, Gagnon B, Mancini IL, Pereira JL, Bruera ED. Clinical utility, factor analysis, and further validation of the memorial delirium assessment scale in patients with advanced cancer: assessing delirium in advanced cancer. Cancer 2000;88:2859-2867. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2859::AID-CNCR29>3.0.CO;2-T
- Grover S, Kate N, Mattoo SK, Chakrabarti S, Malhotra S, Avasthi A, Kulhara P, Basu D. Delirium: Predictors of delay in referral to consultation liaison psychiatry services. Indian J Psychiatry 2014;56:171-175. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.130501
- Vaurio LE, Sands LP, Wang Y, Mullen EA, Leung JM. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesth Analg 2006;102:1267-1273. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000199156.59226.af
- McManus J, Pathansali R, Hassan H, Ouldred E, Cooper D, Stewart R, Macdonald A, Jackson S. The course of delirium in acute stroke. Age and Ageing 2009;38;385-389. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp038
- Zhang Z, Pan L, Deng H, Ni H, Xu X. Prediction of delirium in critically ill patients with elevated C-reactive protein. Journal of Critical Care 2014;29:88-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.09.002
- Pol RA, Van Leeuwen BL, Izaks GJ, Reijnen MM, Visser L, Tielliu IF, Zeebregts CJ. C-reactive protein predicts postoperative delirium following vascular surgery. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2014;28:1923-1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2014.07.004
- Patni M, Humaney N, Jeswani J, Deoke S. Clinico-etiological profile of hyponatremia in patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit of tertiary health care rural center. JMSCR 2015;3:6975-6982. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v3i8.12
- Marquetand J, Bode L, Fuchs S, Hildenbrand F, Ernst J, von Kaenel R, Boettger S. Risk Factors for delirium are different in the very old: a comparative one-year prospective cohort study of 5,831 patients [published correction appears in front psychiatry. 2022 Mar 21;13:885734]. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:655087. Published 2021 May 11.
- Huang YQ, Gou R, Diao YS, Yin QH, Fan WX, Liang YP, Chen Y, Wu M, Zang L, Li L, Zang J, Cheng L, Fu P, Liu F. Charlson comorbidity index helps predict the risk of mortality for patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014;15:58-66. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1300109
- Koppie TM, Serio AM, Vickers AJ, Vora K, Dalbagni G, Donat SM, Herr HW, Bochner BH. Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity score is associated with treatment decisions and clinical outcomes for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Cancer 2008;112:2384-2392. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23462