Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology (광물과 암석)

The Petrological Society of Korea & The Mineralogical Society of Korea (한국암석학회 & 한국광물학회)
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High-Temperature Cesium (Cs) Retention Ability of Cs-Exchanged Birnessite

세슘(Cs)으로 이온 교환된 버네사이트의 고온에서의 Cs 고정 능력

  • Yeongkyoo Kim (School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University)
  • 김영규 (경북대학교 지구시스템과학부)
  • Received : 2023.12.01
  • Accepted : 2023.12.21
  • Published : 2023.12.30
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Abstract

Numerous studies have investigated the adsorptive sequestration of radioactive cesium in the natural environment. Among these studies, adsorption onto minerals and high-temperature treatment stand out as highly effective, as demonstrated by the use of zeolite. In this study, cesium was ion-exchanged with birnessite and subsequently underwent high-temperature treatment up to 1100℃ to investigate both mineral phase transformation and the leaching characteristics of cesium. Birnessite has a layered structure consisting of MnO6 octahedrons that share edges, demonstrating excellent cation adsorption capacity. The high-temperature treatment of cesium-ion-exchanged birnessite resulted in changes in the mineral phase, progressing from cryptomelane, bixbyite, birnessite to hausmannite as the temperature increased. This differs from the phase transformation observed in the tunneled manganese oxide mineral todorokite ion-exchanged with cesium, which shows phase transformation only to birnessite and hausmannite. The leaching of cesium from cesium-ion-exchanged birnessite was estimated by varying the reaction time using both distilled water and a 1 M NaCl solution. The leaching quantity changed according to the treatment temperature, reaction time, and type of reaction solution. Specifically, the cesium leaching was higher in the sample reacted with 1 M NaCl compared to the sample with distilled water and also increased with longer reaction time. For the samples reacted with distilled water, the cesium leaching initially increased and then decreased, while in the NaCl solution, the leaching decreased, increased again, and finally nearly stopped like the sample in the distilled water for the sample treated at 1100℃. These changes in leaching are closely associated with the mineral phases formed at different temperatures. The phase transformation to cryptomelane and birnessite enhanced cesium leaching, whereas bixbyite and hausmannite hindered leaching. Notably, hausmannite, the most stable phase occurring at the highest temperature, demonstrated the greatest ability to inhibit cesium leaching. This results strongly suggest that high-temperature treatment of cesium-ion-exchanged birnessite effectively immobilizes and sequesters cesium.

자연환경에 유출된 방사성 세슘(Cs)을 흡착 격리시키기 위한 다양한 연구들이 진행되어왔고 이 중에서 광물의 흡착 및 고온 처리는 제올라이트의 예에서 보여지는 것과 같이 매우 유효한 방법일 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 버네사이트를 Cs으로 이온 교환 시킨 후 고온 처리하여 광물상의 변화와 함께 Cs의 용출 특성을 알아보았다. 버네사이트는 MnO6 팔면체가 모서리를 공유하는 층상구조를 가지고 있는 광물로서 양이온 흡착능력이 뛰어난 광물이다. Cs을 이온 교환시킨 버네사이트를 1100℃까지 고온 처리한 결과, 온도가 증가함에 따라 크립토멜레인, 빅스바이트, 버네사이트, 하우스마나이트로 광물상의 변화가 관찰되었다. 이는 터널구조의 망간산화물 광물인 토도로카이트를 Cs으로 이온 교환시킨 후 열처리하였을 때 버네사이트와 하우스마나이트로만 상변화를 거치는 것과 다른 결과를 보여준다. Cs으로 이온 교환된 버네사이트는 증류수와 1 M NaCl 용액과 반응 시간을 달리하여 용출량을 측정하였으며 이러한 용출량은 각 온도구간에서의 광물상 변화, 반응시간, 반응 용액의 종류에 따라 상이한 용출량을 보였다. 증류수와 반응한 시료에 비하여 1 M NaCl과 반응한 시료에서 이온교환 반응에 의하여 용출량이 더 많았고 반응시간이 길어질수록 용출량은 증가하였다. 증류수와 반응한 경우는 Cs의 용출량이 증가하다 감소하고 NaCl 용액에서 반응시킨 시료의 경우 용출량의 감소 후 다시 증가하고 최종적으로는 1100℃에서는 증류수와 같이 거의 용출되지 않았다. 이러한 용출량의 변화는 각 온도에서 형성된 광물상과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 크립토멜레인과 버네사이트로의 상변화는 Cs의 용출량을 증가시키지만, 빅스바이트와 하우스마나이트는 Cs의 용출을 억제하며 가장 높은 온도에서 나타나는 가장 안정된 하우스마나이트는 Cs의 용출을 가장 크게 억제할 수 있는 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과는 Cs을 이온 교환시킨 버네사이트의 고온처리를 통하여 Cs의 고정 및 격리가 효적으로 이루어질 수 있음을 보여준다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 성과는 정부(과학기술정보통신부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(No. 2022R1A2C1003884).

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