Acknowledgement
The authors thank the RRC (Radiation Research Center) of Shiraz University for friendly cooperation.
References
- M. Mahesh, The essential physics of medical imaging, third edition, Med. Phys. 40 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4811156, 077301.
- H.M. Soylu, F. Yurt Lambrecht, O.A. Ersoz, Gamma radiation shielding efficiency of a new lead-free composite material, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 305 (2015) 529-534, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4051-3.
- J. Kim, D. Seo, B.C. Lee, Y.S. Seo, W.H. Miller, Nano-W dispersed gamma radiation shielding materials, Adv. Eng. Mater. 16 (2014) 1083-1089, https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400127.
- J.H. Liu, Q.P. Zhang, N. Sun, Y. Zhao, R. Shi, Y.L. Zhou, J. Zheng, Elevated gamma-rays shielding property in lead-free bismuth tungstate by nanofabricating structures, J. Phys. Chem. Solid. 112 (2018) 185-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.09.007.
- H. Chai, X. Tang, M. Ni, F. Chen, Y. Zhang, D. Chen, Y. Qiu, Preparation and properties of novel, flexible, lead-free X-ray-shielding materials containing tungsten and bismuth(III) oxide, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133 (2016) 43012, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43012.
- H. Alavian, H. Tavakoli-Anbaran, Study on gamma shielding polymer composites reinforced with different sizes and proportions of tungsten particles using MCNP code, Prog. Nucl. Energy 115 (2019) 91-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.03.033.
- N. Asari Shik, L. Gholamzadeh, X-ray shielding performance of the EPVC composites with micro- or nanoparticles of WO3, PbO or Bi2O3, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 139 (2018) 61-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APRADISO.2018.03.025.
- L. Gholamzadeh, N. Asari-Shik, M.K. Aminian, M. Ghasemi-Nejad, A study of the shielding performance of fibers coated with high-Z oxides against ionizing radiations, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect.A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip. 973 (2020) 164174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164174.
- J.W. Hong, D.H. Kim, S.W. Kim, S.H. Choi, G.E. Lee, H.K. Seo, S.H. Kim, Y. Lee, Effectiveness evaluation of self-produced micro- and nanosized tungsten materials for radiation shielding with diagnostic X-ray imaging system, Optik 172 (2018) 760-765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.07.107.
- H.A. Maghrabi, A. Vijayan, P. Deb, L. Wang, Bismuth oxide-coated fabrics for X-ray shielding, Textil. Res. J. 86 (2016) 649-658, https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517515592809.
- A. Erol, I. Pocan, E. Yanbay, O. Ersoz, F. Lambrecht, Radiation shielding of polymer composite materials with wolfram carbide and boron carbide, Radiat. Protect. Environ. 39 (2016) 3-6, https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0464.185147.
- S.C. Kim, J.R. Choi, B.K. Jeon, Physical analysis of the shielding capacity for a lightweight apron designed for shielding low intensity scattering X-rays, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 27721, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27721.
- J. Kim, D. Seo, B.C. Lee, Y.S. Seo, W.H. Miller, Nano-W dispersed gamma radiation shielding materials, Adv. Eng. Mater. 16 (2014) 1083-1089, https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400127.
- A. Barabash, D. Barabash, V. Pertsev, D. Panfilov, Polymer-composite materials for radiation protection, Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput. 983 (2019) 352-360, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19868-8_36.
- N.Z.N. Azman, S.A. Siddiqui, R. Hart, I.M. Low, Microstructural design of lead oxide-epoxy composites for radiation shielding purposes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128 (2013) 3213-3219, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38515.
- W. Poltabtim, E. Wilmolmala, K. Saenboonruang, Properties of lead-free gamma-ray shielding materials from metal oxide/EPDM rubber composites, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 153 (2018) 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.036.
- S. Jayakumar, T. Saravanan, J. Philip, Polymer nanocomposites containing β-Bi2O3 and silica nanoparticles : thermal stability, surface topography and X-ray attenuation properties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 137 (2020) 49048, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49048.
- S. Jayakumar, T.S. John, J. Philip, Preparation, characterization and X-ray attenuation property of Gd2O3 based nanocomposites, Appl. Nanosci. 7 (2017) 919-931, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-017-0631-6.
- C. Zhang, Y. Zhu, Synthesis of square Bi2WO6 nanoplates as high-Activity visible-light-driven photocatalysts, Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 3537-3545, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0501517.
- Y.C. Xu, C. Song, X.Y. Ding, Y. Zhao, D.G. Xu, Q.P. Zhang, Y.L. Zhou, Tailoring lattices of Bi2WO6 crystals via Ce doping to improve the shielding properties against low-energy gamma rays, J. Phys. Chem. Solid. 127 (2019) 76-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.12.007.
- N. Damla, U. Cevik, A.I. Kobya, A. Celik, N. Celik, R. Van Grieken, Radiation dose estimation and mass attenuation coefficients of cement samples used in Turkey, J. Hazard Mater. 176 (2010) 644-649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.080.
- S. Atef, D.E. El-Nashar, A.H. Ashour, S. El-Fiki, S.U. El-Kameesy, M. Medhat, Effect of gamma irradiation and lead content on the physical and shielding properties of PVC/NBR polymer blends, Polym. Bull. 77 (2020) 5423-5438, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-03022-4.
- R. Bagheri, S.P. Shirmardi, Gamma-ray shielding studies on borate glasses containing BaO, Bi2O3, and PbO in different concentrations, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 184 (2021) 109434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109434.
- J.K. Shultis, R.E. Faw, Radiation Shielding and Radiological Protection, Handb. Nucl. Eng., Springer US, Boston, MA, 2010, pp. 1313-1448, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98149-9_11.
- J.K. Shultis, R.E. Faw, Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, first ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203910351.
- J.P. McCaffrey, E. Mainegra-Hing, H. Shen, Optimizing non-Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers, Med. Phys. 36 (2009) 5586-5594, https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839.