Pediatric Infection and Vaccine

The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (대한소아감염학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Latest Overseas Policy on Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Children Aged 5 to 11

해외 주요 국가의 5-11세 소아 코로나19 예방접종 정책 동향

  • 문지현 (네덜란드 흐로닝언 의과대학) ;
  • 최영준 (고려대학교 안암병원 소아청소년과) ;
  • 최윤영 (국립중앙의료원 소아청소년과)
  • Received : 2022.04.05
  • Accepted : 2022.04.29
  • Published : 2022.04.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In Korea, children aged 5 to 11 have been vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from March 2022. Due to this age group not being at a high risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms, each major country has different, circumstance dependent, immunization policies for children. In this review, the COVID-19 vaccination policies for 5-11 years old children in major countries were reviewed and considerations were presented for Korea, where children 5-11 years old are starting to get vaccinated against COVID-19.

우리 나라는 2022년 3월에 5-11세 소아의 코로나19 예방접종을 시작하였다. 5-11세 소아에서 중증 코로나19가 발생할 위험은 높지 않기 때문에, 이 연령에 대한 코로나19 예방접종 정책은 각 국가의 상황에 따라 상이하다. 본 논문에서는 해외 주요 국가의 5-11세 소아 코로나19 예방접종 관련 정책을 살펴보고, 5-11세 코로나19 예방접종을 시작하는 우리 나라에서 고려할 사항에 대하여 언급하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This review was supported by Policy Research Grant from Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, titled "Coronavirus Disease 2019 Immunization in Children Aged 5-11 years: Validation and Policy Assessment (11-1790387-000553-01)."

References

  1. Forrest CB, Burrows EK, Mejias A, Razzaghi H, Christakis D, Jhaveri R, et al. Severity of acute COVID-19 in children <18 years old March 2020 to December 2021. Pediatrics 2022;149:e2021055765. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055765
  2. Sorg AL, Hufnagel M, Doenhardt M, Diffloth N, Schroten H, von Kries R, et al. Risk of hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality due to COVID-19 and PIMS-TS in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Germany. medRxiv, in press 2021.
  3. Lee H, Choi S, Park JY, Jo DS, Choi UY, Lee H, et al. Analysis of critical COVID-19 cases among children in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2022;37:e13. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e13
  4. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. COVID-19 vaccination guide - for children 5-11 years old [Internet]. Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://ncv.kdca.go.kr/filepath/boardDownload.es?bid=0031&list_no=730&seq=1.
  5. Woodworth KR, Moulia D, Collins JP, Hadler SC, Jones JM, Reddy SC, et al. The advisory committee on immunization practices' interim recommendation for use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 5-11 years - United States, November 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1579-83. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7045e1
  6. Yang H; Food and Drug Administration, Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee. Benefits-risks of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for ages 5 to 11 years [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): Food and Drug Administration; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/153507/download.
  7. Committee on Infectious Diseases. COVID-19 vaccines in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2022;149:e2021054332. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-054332
  8. Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. IDSA and PIDS support authorization of pediatric COVID-19 vaccine [Internet]. Arlington (VA): Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2021/idsa-and-pids-support-authorization-of-pediatric-covid-19-vaccine/.
  9. Su JR. COVID-19 vaccine safety updates: Primary series in children and adolescents ages 5-11 and 12-15 years, and booster doses in adolescents ages 16-24 years [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2022-01-05/02-covid-su-508.pdf.
  10. Hause AM, Baggs J, Marquez P, Myers TR, Gee J, Su JR, et al. COVID-19 vaccine safety in children aged 5-11 years - United States, November 3-December 19, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1755-60. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm705152a1
  11. American Academy of Pediatrics. Children and COVID-19 vaccination trends [Internet]. Itasca (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-vaccination-trends/.
  12. European Medicines Agency. Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine: EMA recommends approval for children aged 5 to 11 [Internet]. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/comirnaty-covid-19-vaccine-ema-recommends-approval-children-aged-5-11.
  13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim public health considerations for COVID-19 vaccination of children aged 5-11 years [Internet]. Solna: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/interim-public-health-considerations-covid-19-vaccination-children-aged-5-11.
  14. Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco. AIFA approves Comirnaty vaccine for ages 5 to 11 [Internet]. Roma: Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.aifa.gov.it/documents/20142/1289678/Comunicato_AIFA_674_EN.pdf.
  15. Esposito S; Pediatricians of Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. Manifesto of the pediatricians of Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, in favor of vaccination against COVID in children 5-11 years old. Ital J Pediatr 2022;48:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01229-2
  16. Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri; Unita Completamento Campagna Vaccinale; Ministero della Salute. Report vaccini anti COVID-19 [Internet]. Rome: Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri; 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.governo.it/it/cscovid19/report-vaccini/.
  17. Vygen-Bonnet S, Koch J, Armann J, Berner R, Bogdan C, Burchard G, et al. STIKO-Empfehlung zur COVID-19-Impfung von Kindern im alter von 5-11 Jahren mit dem mRNA-impfstoff comirnaty und die dazugehorige wissenschaftliche Begrundung. Epidemiol Bull 2022;1:16-47.
  18. Paul Ehrlich Institute. Verdachtsfalle von Nebenwirkungen und Impfkomplikationen nach Impfung zum Schutz vor COVID-19 seit Beginn der Impfkampagne am 27.12.2020 bis zum 31.12.2021 [Internet]. Langen: Paul Ehrlich Institute; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/newsroom/dossiers/sicherheitsberichte/sicherheitsbericht-27-12-20-bis-31-12-21.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5.
  19. Bundesministerium fur Gesundheit. Aktueller impfstatus [Internet]. Berlin: Bundesministerium fur Gesundheit; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://impfdashboard.de/.
  20. Haute Autorite de Sante. Strategie de vaccination contre la Covid-19 - Place du vaccin a ARNm COMIRNATY® chez les 5-11 ans [Internet]. Saint-Denis: Haute Autorite de Sante; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3306504/fr/strategie-de-vaccination-contre-la-covid-19-place-du-vaccin-a-arnm-comirnaty-chez-les-5-11-ans.
  21. Ministere des Solidarites et de la Sante. Foire aux questions: la vaccination des enfants [Internet]. Paris: Ministere des Solidarites et de la Sante; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/grands-dossiers/vaccin-covid-19/je-suis-un-particulier/la-vaccination-des-enfants.
  22. Ministere des Solidarites et de la Sante. Le tableau de bord de la vaccination [Internet]. Paris: Ministere des Solidarites et de la Sante; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/grands-dossiers/vaccin-covid-19/article/le-tableau-de-bord-de-la-vaccination.
  23. U.K. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. JCVI statement on COVID-19 vaccination of children and young people: 22 December 2021 [Internet]. [place unknown]: U.K. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation; 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-update-on-advice-for-covid-19-vaccination-of-children-and-young-people/jcvi-statement-on-covid-19-vaccination-of-children-and-young-people-22-december-2021.
  24. U.K. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. JCVI statement on vaccination of children aged 5 to 11 years old [Internet]. [place unknown]: U.K. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-update-on-advice-for-covid-19-vaccination-of-children-aged-5-to-11/jcvi-statement-on-vaccination-of-children-aged-5-to-11-years-old.
  25. COVID-19 Clinical Information Network. CO-CIN: child admissions and severity by epoch CO-CIN update January 2022, 6 January 2022 [Internet]. [place unknown]: COVID-19 Clinical Information Network; 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 26]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/co-cin-child-admissions-and-severity-by-epoch-co-cin-update-january-2022-6-january-2022.
  26. U.K. Cabinet Office. COVID-19 response: living with COVID-19 [Internet]. London: U.K. Cabinet Office; 2022. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-response-living-with-covid-19/covid-19-response-living-with-covid-19.
  27. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. ATAGI recommendations on Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine use in children aged 5 to 11 years [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation; 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 22]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/atagi-recommendations-on-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-use-in-children-aged-5-to-11-years.
  28. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. ATAGI recommendations on the use of Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 6 to 11 years [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-recommendations-on-the-use-of-spikevax-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-in-children-aged-6-to-11-years.
  29. AusVaxSafety. Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine safety data - child participants [Internet]. Westmead: AusVaxSafety; 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 23]. Available from: https://ausvaxsafety.org.au/covid-19-vaccines/child-participants.
  30. Health Sciences Authority. HSA extends the use of comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine by Pfizer-BioNTech to children of ages 5 to 11 [Internet]. Singapore: Health Sciences Authority; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.hsa.gov.sg/announcements/press-release/pfizercomirnaty_children.
  31. Ministry of Health. Preparing for the Omicron variant [Internet]. Singapore: Ministry of Health; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/preparing-for-the-omicron-variant_14Dec2021.
  32. Ministry of Health. Expert Committee on COVID-19 Vaccination Recommends using the paediatric dose Pfizer-BioNTech/Comirnaty vaccine for children aged 5-11 years and extending booster vaccination to persons aged under 30 years [Internet]. Singapore: Ministry of Health; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/expert-committee-on-covid-19-vaccination-recommends-using-the-paediatric-dose-pfizer-biontech-comirnaty-vaccine-for-children-aged-5-11-years-and-extending-booster-vaccination-to-persons-aged-under-30-years.
  33. Ministry of Health. Vaccination statistics [Internet]. Singapore: Ministry of Health; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination/statistics.
  34. Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Consensus interim recommendations on the use of COVID-19 vaccines in children in Hong Kong (As of 17 January 2022) [Internet]. Hong Kong: Centre for Health Protection; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/consensus_interim_recommendations_on_the_use_of_covid_19_vaccines_in_children_in_hong_kong_17jan.pdf.
  35. Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Consensus interim recommendations on the use of COVID-19 vaccines in Hong Kong (As of 25 February 2022)(Updated on 12 Mar 2022) [Internet]. Hong Kong: Centre for Health Protection; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/consensus_interim_recommendations_on_the_use_of_covid19_vaccines_in_hong_kong_25feb_updated_on_12mar.pdf.
  36. Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Consensus interim recommendations on the use of COVID-19 vaccines in persons with previous COVID-19 infection and children in Hong Kong (as of 12 March 2022) [Internet]. Hong Kong: Centre for Health Protection; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/consensus_interim_recommendations_on_the_use_of_covid19_vaccines_in_persons_with_previous_covid19_infection_and_children_in_hong_kong_12mar.pdf.
  37. The Government of Hong Kong SAR. Hong Kong vaccination dashboard [Internet]. Hong Kong: The Government of Hong Kong SAR; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.covidvaccine.gov.hk/en/.
  38. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. PMDA's efforts to combat COVID-19 [Internet]. Tokyo: Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/about-pmda/0002.html.
  39. Nakano T. Effects of the novel coronavirus vaccine on children aged 5 to 11 years [Internet]. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.cov19-vaccine.mhlw.go.jp/qa/column/0012.html.
  40. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. Report on special approval [Internet]. Tokyo: Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; 2022. Available from: https://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2022/P20220117002/672212000_30400AMX00015000_A100_2.pdf.
  41. Cabinet Public Relations Office. COVID-19 vaccines [Internet]. Tokyo: Cabinet Public Affairs Office; 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: https://japan.kantei.go.jp/ongoingtopics/vaccine.html.
  42. Yi-ching C. Taiwan to hold off vaccinating 5-11-year-olds against COVID-19. Focus Taiwan [Internet]. 2022 Mar 24 [cited 2022 Mar 31]; Society. Available from: https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202203240016.
  43. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Coronavirus (COVID-19), Republic of Korea [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 31]. Available from: http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/.
  44. Mensah AA, Campbell H, Stowe J, Seghezzo G, Simmons R, Lacy J, et al. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in children: a prospective national surveillance study between January, 2020, and July, 2021, in England. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, in press 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30381-X
  45. Long QX, Tang XJ, Shi QL, Li Q, Deng HJ, Yuan J, et al. Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Med 2020;26:1200-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6
  46. McDade TW, Sancilio A, D'Aquila R, Mustanski B, Vaught LA, Reiser NL, et al. Low levels of neutralizing antibodies after natural infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a communitybased serological study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022;9:ofac055. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac055
  47. Dorabawila V, Hoefer D, Bauer UE, Bassett MT, Lutterloh E, Rosenberg ES. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine among children 5-11 and 12-17 years in New York after the Emergence of the Omicron Variant. medRxiv, in press 2022.
  48. Buchan SA, Chung H, Brown KA, Austin PC, Fell DB, Gubbay JB, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron or Delta symptomatic infection and severe outcomes. medRxiv, in press 2022.
  49. Klein NP, Stockwell MS, Demarco M, Gaglani M, Kharbanda AB, Irving SA, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Nonimmunocompromised Children and Adolescents Aged 5-17 Years - VISION Network, 10 States, April 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:352-8. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7109e3
  50. Levy M, Recher M, Hubert H, Javouhey E, Flechelles O, Leteurtre S, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children by COVID-19 vaccination status of adolescents in France. JAMA 2022;327:281-3. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23262
  51. Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccination against multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among persons aged 12-18 years - United States, July-December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:52-8. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e1