Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제28권1호
  • /
  • Pages.77-87
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Stability analyses of dual porosity soil slope

  • Satyanaga, Alfrendo (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University) ;
  • Moon, Sung-Woo (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University) ;
  • Kim, Jong R. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University)
  • 투고 : 2021.04.26
  • 심사 : 2021.11.02
  • 발행 : 2022.01.10
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Many geotechnical analyses require the investigation of water flow within partially saturated soil zone to incorporate the effect of climatic conditions. It is widely understood that the hydraulic properties of the partially saturated soil should be included in the transient seepage analyses. However, the characteristics of dual porosity soils with dual-mode water retention curve are normally modelled using single-mode mathematical equation for simplification of the analysis. In reality, the rainwater flow can be affected significantly by the dual-mode hydraulic properties of the soil. This paper presents the variations of safety factor for dual porosity soil slope with dual-mode water retention curve and dual-mode unsaturated permeability. This paper includes the development of the new dual-mode unsaturated permeability to represent the characteristics of soil with the dual-mode water retention curve. The finite element analyses were conducted to examine the role of dual-mode water retention curve and dual-mode unsaturated permeability on the variations of safety factor under rainfall loading. The results indicate that the safety factor variations of dual porosity soil slope modelled using the dual-mode water retention curve and the unsaturated permeability equation are lower than those of dual porosity slope modelled using single-mode water retention curve and unsaturated permeability equations.

키워드

과제정보

This research was supported by the Nazarbayev University Research Fund under Grants #SOE2017003. The authors are grateful for this support. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Nazarbayev University.

참고문헌

  1. Al-Mahbashi, A.M., Elkady, T.Y. and Alrefeai, T.O. (2015), "Soil water characteristic curve and improvement in lime treated expansive soil", Geomech. Eng., 8(5), 687-696. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.5.687.
  2. ASTM D2487-17e1 (2017), Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). American Society for Testing and Materials; ASTM International, Pennsylvania, USA.
  3. Brooks, R.H. and Corey, A.T. (1964), Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media, Fort Collins: Colorado State University, Colorado, USA.
  4. Burger, C.A. and Shackelford, C.D. (2001), "Evaluating dual porosity of pelletized diatomaceous earth using bimodal soil-water characteristic curve functions", Can. Geotech. J., 38(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-084.
  5. Chan, Y.E.C., Ng, Q.L., Satyanaga, A. and Rahardjo, H. (2020), "Regional stability and adaptation measures against rainfall-induced slope failures", Environ. Geotechnics, Published online on 29 January 2021, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.20.00089.
  6. Childs, E.C. and Collis-George, N. (1950), "The permeability of porous materials", Proceedings of The Royal Society A, 201(1066), 392-405. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1950.0068.
  7. Coutinho, R.Q., Silva, M.M. and Lafayete, K. (2011), "Geotechnical characterization of two unsaturated mature granite residual soils from Pernambuco, Brazil", Proceedings of 14th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 64th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Toronto, Canada, October.
  8. Deng, D., Wen, S., Lu, K. and Li, L. (2020), "Calculation model for the shear strength of unsaturated soil under nonlinear strength theory", Geomech. Eng., 21(3), 247-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.21.3.247.
  9. Deng, D., Lu, K. and Li, L. (2019), "LE analysis on unsaturated slope stability with introduction of nonlinearity of soil strength", Geomech. Eng., 19(2), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.2.179.
  10. Durner, W. (1994), "Hydraulic conductivity estimation for soil with heterogeneous pore structure", Water Resour. Res., 30(2), 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02676.
  11. Fredlund, D.G. and Xing, A. (1994), "Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve", Can. Geotech. J., 31(3), 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-061.
  12. Fredlund, D.G. and Rahardjo, H. (1993), Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
  13. Fredlund, D.G., Rahardjo, H. and Fredlund, M.D. (2012), Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
  14. Fredlund, M.D., Wilson, G.W. and Fredlund, D.G. (2002), "Use of the grain-size distribution for estimation of the soil-water characteristic curve", Can. Geotech. J., 39(5), 1103-1117. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-049.
  15. Fredlund, D.G., Xing, A. and Huang, S. (1994), "Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve", Can. Geotech. J., 31(4), 533-546. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-062.
  16. Gardner, W.R (1958), "Mathematics of isothermal water conduction in unsaturated soils", Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, Washington D.C., USA, January.
  17. Gitirana Jr., G.F.N. and Fredlund, D.G. (2004), "Soil-water characteristic curve equation with independent properties", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(2), 209-212. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:2(209).
  18. Delleur, J.W. (1999), Handbook of Groundwater Engineering, CRC Press, New York, NY, USA.
  19. Jotisankasa, A., Vathananukij, H. and Coop, M.R. (2009), "Soil-water retention curves of some silty soils and their relations to fabrics", Proceedings of The 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Newcastle, Australia, November.
  20. Jotisankasa, A. and Mairaing, W. (2010), "Suction-monitored direct shear testing of residual soils from landslide-prone areas", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(3), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000225.
  21. Kassim, A., Lee, M.L., Gofar, N. and Rahardjo, H. (2012), "Modelling of suction distributions in an unsaturated heterogeneous residual soil slope", J. Eng. Geology, 131-132, 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.02.005.
  22. Kim, Y. and Jeong, S. (2017), "Modeling of shallow landslides in an unsaturated soil slope using a coupled model", Geomech. Eng., 13(2), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.13.2.353.
  23. Kosugi, K. (1994), "Lognormal distribution model for unsaturated soil hydraulic properties", Water Resour. Res., 32(9), 2697-2703. https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR01776.
  24. Krisnanto, S., Rahardjo, H. and Leong, E.C. (2020), "Numerical study on the effect of crack network representation on water content in cracked soil", Geomech. Eng., 21(6), 537-549. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.21.6.537.
  25. Kristo, C., Rahardjo, H. and Satyanaga, A. (2019), "Effect of hysteresis on the stability of residual soil slope", Int. Soil Water Conservation Res., 7(3), 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.05.003.
  26. Kunze, R.J., Uehara, G. and Graham, K. (1968), "Factors important in the calculation of hydraulic conductivity", Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 32(6), 760-765. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200060020x.
  27. Li, X., Li, J.H. and Zhang, L.M. (2014), "Predicting bimodal soil-water characteristic curves and permeability functions using physically based parameters", Comput. Geotech., 57, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.01.004.
  28. Leong, E.C. and Rahardjo, H. (1997), "Review of soil-water characteristic curve equations", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(12), 1106-1117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:12(1106).
  29. Mallants, D., Tseng, P.H., Toride, N., Tinunerman, A. and Feyen, J. (1997), "Evaluation of multimodal hydraulic functions in characterizing a heterogeneous field soil", J. Hydrology, 195 (1-4), 172-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03251-9.
  30. Mustafa, M.R., Rezaur, R.B., Rahardjo, H., Isa, M.H. and Arif, A. (2015), "Artificial neural network modeling for spatial and temporal variations of pore-water pressure responses to rainfall", Adv. Meteorology, 2015(273730), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/273730.
  31. Othmer, H., Diekkruger, B. and Kutilek, M., (1991), "Bimodal porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity", Soil Science, 152(3), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199109000-00001.
  32. Pedroso, D.M., Sheng, D. and Zhao, J. (2009), "The concept of reference curves for constitutive modelling in soil mechanics", Comput. Geotech., 36(1-2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.01.009.
  33. Public Utilities Board (2000), Code of practice on surface water drainage, Public Utilities Board, Singapore, Singapore.
  34. Qi, S., Vanapalli, S.K., Yang, X.-G., Zhou, J.-W. and Lu, G.-D. (2019), "Stability analysis of an unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to rainfall infiltration", Geomechanics and Engineering, 19(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.1.011.
  35. Rahardjo, H. and Satyanaga, A. (2019) "Sensing and monitoring for assessment of rainfall-induced slope failures in residual soil", Geotech. Eng., 172(6), 496-506. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.18.00208.
  36. Rahardjo, H., Nistor, M., Gofar, N., Satyanaga, A., Qin, X. and Ip., C.Y. (2019), "Spatial distribution, variation and trend of five-day antecedent rainfall in Singapore", Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 14(3), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2019.1639196.
  37. Rahardjo, H., Satyanaga, A., Mohamed, H., Ip, C.Y. and Shah, R.S. (2018), "Comparison of soil-water characteristic curves from conventional testing and combination of small-scale centrifuge and dew point methods", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 37, 659-672). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0636-2.
  38. Rahardjo, H., Santoso, V.A., Leong, E.C., Ng, Y.S. and Tam, C.P.H. (2012), "Effect of vetiver grass on slope stability", Proceedings of 11th International and 2nd North American Symposium on Landslides, Banff, Canada, June.
  39. Rahardjo, H., Santoso, V.A., Leong, E.C., Ng, Y.S. and Hua, C.J. (2011), "Numerical analyses and monitoring performance of residual soil slopes", Soils Found., 51(3), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.471.
  40. Rahardjo, H., Meilani, I., Rezaur, R.B. and Leong, E.C. (2009), "Shear strength characteristics of a compacted soil under infiltration conditions", Geomech. Eng., 1(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2009.1.1.035.
  41. Rahimi, A., Rahardjo, H. and Leong, E.C. (2015), "Effect of range of soil-water characteristic curve measurements on estimation of permeability function", Eng. Geol., 185, 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.11.017.
  42. Ross, P.J. and Smettem, K.R.J. (1993), "Describing soil hydraulic properties with sums of simple functions", Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57(1), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010006x.
  43. Satyanaga, A. and Rahardjo, H. (2019a), "Stability of unsaturated soil slopes covered with Melastoma Malabathricum in Singapore", Proceeding of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, 172(6), 530-540. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.18.00215.
  44. Satyanaga, A. and Rahardjo, H. (2019b), "Unsaturated shear strength of soil with bimodal soil-water characteristic curve", Geotechnique, 69(9), 828-832. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.108.
  45. Satyanaga, A., Rahardjo, H. and Hua, C.J. (2019), "Numerical simulation of capillary barrier system under rainfall infiltration", ISSMGE Int. J. Geoeng. Case Histories, 5(1), 43-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4417/IJGCH-05-01-04.
  46. Satyanaga, A., Rahardjo, H. and Zhai, Q. (2017), "Estimation of unimodal water characteristic curve for gap-graded soil", Soils Found., 57(5), 789-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.009.
  47. Satyanaga, A., Rahardjo, H., Leong, E.C. and Wang, J.Y. (2013), "Water characteristic curve of soil with bimodal grain-size distribution", Comput. Geotech., 48, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.09.008.
  48. Sheng, D. (2011), "Review of fundamental principles in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour", Comput. Geotech., 38(6), 757-776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.05.002.
  49. Smettem, K.R.J. and Kirkby, C., (1990), "Measuring the hydraulic properties of a stable aggregated soil", J. Hydrology, 117 (1-4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90084-B.
  50. Van Genuchten, M.T. (1980), "A close form equation predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil", Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44(5), 892-898. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x.
  51. Wijaya, M. and Leong, E.C. (2016), "Equation for unimodal and bimodal soil-water characteristic curves", Soils Found., 56(2), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.011.
  52. Wilson, G.V., Jardine, P.M. and Gwo, J.P. (1992), "Modeling the hydraulic properties of a multi-region soil", Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56(6), 1731-1737. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060012x.
  53. Zhai, Q., Rahardjo, H., Satyanaga, A., Dai, G and Zhuang, Y (2020), "Framework to estimate the soil-water characteristic curve for soils with different void ratios", Bull. Eng. Geology Environ., 79, 4399-4409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01825-8.
  54. Zhai, Q., Rahardjo, H. and Satyanaga, A. (2018), "A pore-size distribution function based method for estimation of hydraulic properties of sandy soils", Eng. Geol., 246, 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.09.031
  55. Zhai, Q., Rahardjo, H., Satyanaga, A. and Priono (2017), "Effect of bimodal soil-water characteristic curve on the estimation of permeability function", Eng. Geol., 230(9), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.025.
  56. Zhai, Q., Rahardjo, H. and Satyanaga, A. (2017), "Effects of residual suction and residual water content on the estimation of permeability function", Geoderma, 303(1), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.019.
  57. Zhai, Q. and Rahardjo, H. (2015), "Estimation of permeability function from the soil-water characteristic curve", Eng. Geol., 199, 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.11.001.
  58. Zhang, L. and Chen, Q. (2005), "Predicting bimodal soil-water characteristic curves", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(5), 666-670. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:5(666).