Journal of Distribution Science (유통과학연구)

Korea Distribution Science Association (한국유통과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Website Quality, E-satisfaction, and E-loyalty of Users Based on The Virtual Distribution Channel

  • PANDJAITAN, Dorothy R.H. (Management Department, Economics and Business Faculty, Lampung University) ;
  • Mahrinasari, MS. (Management Department, Economics and Business Faculty, Lampung University) ;
  • HADIANTO, Bram (Management Department, Business Faculty, Maranatha Christian University)
  • Received : 2021.05.16
  • Accepted : 2021.07.05
  • Published : 2021.07.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: Technology induces the virtual distribution channel to exist, especially for booking a room online. This situation, indeed, provides an alternative for the customers to book based on their budget through digital platforms. One platform offering competitive prices is virtual hotel operators, such as Airbnb, OYO, RedDoorz, and Airy Rooms. Preferably, after using their platform, the user should be satisfied and loyal. Hence, this investigation aims to prove some associations. The first is between e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. The second is between website quality and e-satisfaction. The final is between website quality and e-loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology: This study is quantitatively designed with the sample of 350 users of the virtual hotel operator applications in Bandar Lampung: Airbnb, OYO, RedDoorz, and Airy, as the samples. Therefore, by denoting this sample size, the structural equation model based on covariance is utilized to examine the three hypotheses proposed. Also, to get the responses, this study uses a survey through a questionnaire. Result: This investigation demonstrates the positive relationship between e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Additionally, website quality positively associates with e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Conclusion: The virtual hotel operators must have the superiority on their website-based application to update the information based on the room availability and price, ensure online transaction safety, and facilitate its utilization to maintain long-term satisfaction and loyalty virtually.

Keywords

1. Introduction

Technology advancement makes internet-based applications worthwhile for people to travel (Danuri, 2019).

This circumstance becomes the chance for marketers to market their products globally via their website (Kiani,1998). For hotels, virtually providing the booking system is the marketing strategy to facilitate their customers to search for rooms (Boz, 2016).

Moreover, through the installed applications on their smartphone (Tseng & Lee, 2018), people can book a room in the hotel by utilizing the virtual distribution channel, i.e., online travel agents (OTA), for example, Agoda.com, Traveloka.com, Ticket.com, Booking.com, etc. (Hendriyati, 2019) or virtual hotel operators (VHO), for instance, RedDoorz from Singapore, and Airy Rooms from Indonesia (Wiastuti & Susilowardhani, 2016), and OYO from India (Kusumawati, 2020). However, unlike the price set by the OTA, the VHO set the lower room price, which may disturb the available standard (Wiastuti & Susilowardhani, 2016). According to the demand law explained by Samuelson and Nordhaus (2010), this condition increases the request from people to order through the VHO applications.

Besides, technology utilization is expected to create e satisfaction and e-loyalty. E-loyalty of the users is essential for online platforms because of its revenue (Kaya, Behravesh, Abubakar, Kaya, & Orús, 2019). Furthermore, this income is distributed between this platform provider, such as the VHO, and the client, i.e., property owners (Virgianne, Ariani, & Suarka, 2019). Additionally, e satisfaction is needed to ensure that the online platform offerings meet user expectations (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Also, it becomes the antecedent of e-loyalty, as Hur, Ko, and Valacich (2011), Ltifi & Gharbi (2012), Ahmad, Rahman, and Khan (2017), Gotama and Indarwati (2019), Giao, Vuong, and Quan (2020), Haq and Awan (2020), Wang and Prompanyo (2020), Sasono et al. (2021) demonstrate.

Furthermore, to support the circumstances mentioned above, a website-based digital platform with quality is demanded. This statement gets supported by two groups of investigation. The first one is the study effectively proving a positive effect of website quality on e-loyalty [see Hur et al. (2011), Winnie (2014), and Giao et al. (2020)]. The second one is the research effectively demonstrating a positive impact of website quality on e-satisfaction [see Kim and Stoel (2004), Bai, Law, and Wen (2008), Hur et al. (2011), Tirtayani and Sukaatmadja (2018), Hsieh (2019), and Giao et al. (2020)].

Despite this significant evidence, contrary study results are still available. For example, the study of Phromlert, Deebhijarn, and Sornsaruht (2019) showing that e satisfaction does not influence e-loyalty. Meanwhile, Feroza, Muhdiyanto, and Pramesti (2018) and Gotama and Indarwati (2019) cannot prove the connection between website quality relationship with e-loyalty, as well as Rahmalia and Chan (2019) showing that website quality does not influence e-satisfaction.

Likewise, considering the conflicting proofs mentioned above, this study uses the virtual hotel users in Bandar Lampung to examine and analyze the e-satisfaction impact on e-loyalty. Besides, this study wants to prove the effect of website quality on e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Academically, by reviewing these three influences, this research can strengthen the resulted evidence from similar studies. Practically, this study can help the online platform providers to implement their communication strategy in the e-marketplace to create satisfied and loyal users based on the virtual distribution channel.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Relationship between e-satisfaction and e-loyalty

By surveying sport participants in the United States, Hur et al. (2011) find that e-satisfaction positively influences e-loyalty. After researching the same relationship utilizing undergraduate and graduate students in Tunisia, Ltifi & Gharbi (2012) locate the positive sign. Also, this sign is confirmed by Ahmad et al. (2017) when investigating the Indian internet customers. Learning the free payment application of the users in Indonesia, Gotama and Indarwati (2019) demonstrate a positive influence of e satisfaction on e-loyalty. By investigating the students from two universities in Ankara, Kaya et al. (2019) confirm similar evidence.

Additionally, surveying online shoppers in Vietnam, Giao et al. (2020) reveal a positive relationship between e satisfaction and e-loyalty. By utilizing online banking customers, Haq and Awan (2020) and Sasono et al. (2021) find this same tendency in Pakistan and Indonesia, respectively. Correspondingly, Wang and Prompanyo (2020) affirm this proof when investigating Chinese users of the Sino-Thai cross-border application. Referring to some pieces of evidence, we propose the first hypothesis:

H1. A positive relationship between e-satisfaction and e loyalty is present.

2.2. Relationship between website quality and e satisfaction

The website with superiority will augment the readiness and satisfaction of the users to utilize it (DeLone & McLean, 2004). From the six website quality dimensions proposed, Kim and Stoel (2004) prove that only three of them positively affect e-satisfaction: relevant information, transactional capacity, and response time when learning virtual shoppers of apparel goods. Additionally, in their study utilizing two dimensions: functionality and usability, Bai et al. (2008) infer that both positively influence the online satisfaction of Chinese visitors. Hsieh (2019) investigates four aspects of website quality: system, info, service, and design and their impact on e-satisfaction. After examining the related response, this study deduces a positive sign. After studying e-commerce buyers in Denpasar, according to Tirtayani and Sukaatmadja (2018), the perceived website quality is their satisfaction determinant and infer a positive influence. Consistent with them, Hur et al. (2011) and Giao et al. (2020) confirm the same proof. Referring to some pieces of evidence, we propose the second hypothesis:

H2: A positive relationship between website quality and e satisfaction is present.

2.3. Relationship between website quality and e loyalty

Winnie (2014) attempts to reveal the website quality dimensions affecting e-loyalty, like design, content, and structure. After examining the responses from the Malaysian internet users in Malaysia, she finds that the content becomes the only one affecting e-loyalty positively. Without separating the dimension effect, the study of Hur et al. (2011) and Giao et al. (2020) declares that website superiority is desirable to create user loyalty. Denoting these facts, we propose the third hypothesis:

H3: A positive relationship between website quality and e loyalty is present.

2.4. Research model

Based on the hypothesis proposed in sections 2.1., 2.2., and 2.3, the research model can be drawn and looked at in the first figure.

OTGHB7_2021_v19n7_113_f0001.png 이미지

Figure 1. Research Model

3. Research Methods and Materials

3.1. Variable definition

In this study, we treat website quality as an exogenous variable. Furthermore, this website quality has three dimensions with their indicators by denoting Barnes and Vidgen (2002). The three dimensions intended are usefulness, relevant information, and interaction.

A. The usefulness dimension gets measured by eight indicators:

1. This VHO website platform helps me to locate the hotel quickly (USE1).

2. This VHO website platform provides comprehensible interaction (USE2).

3. This VHO website platform can be easily navigated (USE3).

4. This VHO website platform is easy to utilize (USE4).

5. This VHO website platform attracts my attention (USE5).

6. The design is suitable for the VHO website platform (UES6).

7. This VHO website platform is competent (USE7).

8. This VHO website platform gives me a good experience (USE8).

B. The relevant information dimension gets measured by seven indicators:

1. This VHO website platform gives accurate news to me (RI1).

2. This VHO website platform gives trusted news to me (RI2).

3. This VHO website platform gives opportune news to me (RI3).

4. This VHO website platform gives essential news to me (RI4).

5. This VHO website platform brings understandable news to me (RI5).

6. This VHO website platform gives detailed news to me (RI6).

7. This VHO website platform gives the correct format of news to me (RI7).

C. The interaction dimension gets measured by seven indicators:

1. This VHO website platform is reputable (INT1).

2. This VHO website platform is safe to transact (INT2).

3. This VHO website platform protects my details (INT3).

4. This VHO website platform personalizes me (INT4).

5. This VHO website platform brings me the community sense (INT5).

6. This VHO website platform makes me easy to connect with the hotel (INT6).

7. This VHO website platform guarantees all things based on its promise (INT7).

Also, we treat e-satisfaction and e-loyalty as the endogenous variable. The measurement of e-satisfaction mentions the indicators utilized by Haq and Awan (2020), Biswas, Nusari, and Ghosh (2019), and Anderson and Srinivasan (2003). Meanwhile, to measure e-loyalty indicators, we denote the study of Tsao, Hsieh, and Lin (2016) and Haq and Awan (2020). We combine them because of integrating items to measure e-satisfaction and e-loyalty ultimately. Thus, satisfaction is measured by five indicators:

1. I am happy to operate one of the VHO applications (E- SAT1);

2. I am stress-free when ordering rooms from one of the VHO applications (E-SAT2);

3. I am wise when using one of the VHO applications (E- SAT3);

4. I am accurate in choosing and using one of the VHO applications (E-SAT4);

5. I am satisfied with my decision to use the VHO application when booking a hotel room (E-SAT5).

Additionally, e-loyalty is measured by five following items:

1. I always say good things about one of the VHO applications to anyone around me (E-LOY1).

2. I always suggest anyone using one of the VHO applications to look for information (E-LOY2).

3. I tend to use one of the VHO applications rather than others at the moment (E-LOY3).

4. I will be utilizing one of the VHO applications for the future (E-LOY4).

5. I always motivate anyone to operate one of the VHO applications (E-LOY5).

3.2. Data and Sample

To accumulate the data needed, we utilize a survey. According to Hartono (2012), the survey delivers the questionnaire to the relevant respondents as the sample. In this research context, the respondents are the users of VHO applications, where the database of the population is not accessible, and this survey is between March and October 2020, under the COVID19 pandemic, limiting the face-to-face meeting. For these reasons, the probability sampling method cannot be utilized. Instead, we use snowball sampling based on the beneficial connection with them. Finally, 350 responses are collected, suitable for the theory examination required by a structural equation based on covariance [see Ghozali (2008)]. Moreover, to quantify the responses, we use the Likert scale consisting of five points, from one to five, to reflect absolute disagreement and agreement by referring to Sugiyono (2012).

3.3. Method to analyze data

We use the structural equation model based on covariance because of three points. Firstly, this study wants to examine the facts through some formulated hypotheses. Secondly, the variables utilized cannot be directly observed (Ghozali, 2014). Finally, the number of samples is above 200 (Ghozali, 2008). Moreover, this model is stated in the first and second equations.

E-LOY = γ1WQ + β1.E-SAT + ζ1 (1)

E-SAT = γ2WQ + ζ2 (2)

To estimate the path coefficients: β1, γ1, and γ2, we employ the analysis of moment structure (AMOS). According to Ghozali (2014), AMOS is adequate to test the data based on solid previous research evidence. Also, it creates the output showing convergence validity, the goodness of fit model, model estimation. Likewise, to provide the other relevant outcomes, such as discriminant validity and reliability tests, we use the Warp PLS by denoting Sholihin and Ratmono (2020). By following the central limit theorem enlightened by Bowerman & O'Connell (2003), we assume the model meets the normality assumption because the number of samples is sizeable. For this reason, this assumption is not essential to examine.

Web quality has three dimensions, where each of them has a specific number of items. Hence, according to Ghozali (2014), this form is the second-order construct:

A. In this form, both dimensions and indicators have a loading factor and average variance extracted (AVE). Moreover, this loading factor and AVE are needed when the convergent and discriminant validities are examined, respectively.

• If the loading factor is beyond 0.5, the indicators and their dimension are convergently valid.

• If the AVE is beyond 0.5, the dimensions are discriminately valid.

B. Moreover, by denoting Ghozali (2016), to test the reliability, we compare the Cronbach Alpha of the valid item group and dimension with 0.7. If their Cronbach Alpha is beyond 0.7, the reliability test is achieved.

E-satisfaction and e-loyalty do not have dimensions; therefore, they are measured directly by their items. Thus, Ghozali (2014) mentions this form as the first-order construct.

A. In this form, indicators have the loading factor and the AVE. Moreover, this loading factor and AVE are needed when the convergent and discriminant validities are checked, respectively.

• If the loading factor is beyond 0.5, the indicators are convergently valid.

• If the AVE is beyond 0.5, the indicators are discriminately valid.

B. Furthermore, by denoting Ghozali (2016), to test the reliability, we compare the Cronbach Alpha of the valid item group with 0.7. If their Cronbach Alpha is beyond 0.7, the reliability test is achieved.

Before investigating the statistical hypotheses, the model has to pass some goodness of fit measurements. Firstly, the Chi-square to the degree of freedom ratio, where its value has to be below 5 (Ghozali, 2014). Secondly, the parsimony ratio, parsimony normed fit index, and parsimony comparative fit index, where each value has to be above 0.6 (Latan, 2013).

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Descriptive Statistics

This survey began in March and ended in October 2020 and finally got 350 participants. Moreover, 350 people are classified by age, gender, working status, income, and duration to use the VHO applications. To count the number based on these features, we utilize frequency as the statistic to describe data (see Table 1).

Table 1: The respondent features

OTGHB7_2021_v19n7_113_t0001.png 이미지

4.2. The result of validity and reliability testing

Table 2 presents the validity and reliability testing results related to website quality indicators and dimensions resulted from IBM SPSS AMOS and Warp PLS programs. In Table 2, the items for usefulness have loading factors between 0.557 and 0.828 and an AVE of 0.607. Since these values are above 0.5, the answer to USE1 until USE8 is convergently and discriminately valid. Also, the loading factor for the usefulness dimension (LV_USE) is 0.960; hence, it is convergently accurate to reflect website quality.

Table 2: The loading factors and Cronbach Alpha related to website quality dimensions

OTGHB7_2021_v19n7_113_t0002.png 이미지

Furthermore, the items for the relevant information have loading factors between 0.568 and 0.892. Since these values are above 0.5, the answer to RI1 until RI7 is convergently valid. Also, the loading factor for relevant information dimension (LV_RI) is 0.774; hence, it is convergently accurate to reflect website quality.

Besides, the items for interaction have loading factors between 0.739 and 0.895. Since these values are above 0.5, the answer to INT1 until INT7 is convergently valid. Also, the loading factor for this interaction dimension (LV_INT) is 0.914; hence, it is convergently accurate to reflect website quality.

Also, the dimensions of website quality have an AVE of 0.804. Since this value is above 0.5, they meet discriminant validity. Additionally, the Cronbach Alpha for the valid responses of usefulness, relevant information, interaction, and website quality is 0.906, 0.918, 0.919, and 0.957. Therefore, their accurate answer is reliable.

E-satisfaction and e-loyalty get directly measured by items. Therefore, according to Ghozali (2014), this form is mentioned as the first-order construct. In this form, indicators will have the loading factor when the validity is examined. In the reliability testing, the valid indicator group has its Cronbach Alpha, which must be compared with the required value. Table 3 presents the situation explained:

Table 3: The Testing Result of Validity and Reliability of E- Satisfaction and E-Loyalty

OTGHB7_2021_v19n7_113_t0003.png 이미지

a. E-satisfaction has five items with a loading factor between 0.792 and 0.854, an AVE of 0.728, and a Cronbach Alpha of 0.906. Since the loading factor, AVE, and the Cronbach Alpha exceed 0.5, 0.5, and 0.7, respectively, the answer to these items meets convergent and discriminant accuracy and the precise response is consistent.

b. E-loyalty has five items with a loading factor between 0.769 and 0.857, an AVE of 0.738, and a Cronbach Alpha of 0.911. Since the loading factor, AVE, and the Cronbach Alpha exceed 0.5, 0.5, and 0.7, the answer to these items achieves convergent and discriminant accuracy and the precise response is consistent.

4.3. The Model Fit Testing Result

Table 4 exhibits the result of model fit testing with some measurements: the ratio of Chi-square of the degree of freedom of 4.289, parsimony ratio (P-Ratio) of 0.927, parsimony normed fix index (PNFI) of 0.743, and parsimony comparative fit index (PCFI) of 0.778. Because these values accomplish the critical situation explained by Ghozali (2014) and Latan (2013), the model is suitable for the data.

Table 4: The model fit examination result

OTGHB7_2021_v19n7_113_t0004.png 이미지

4.4. The Path Coefficient Estimation Result

Table 5 demonstrates the path coefficient estimation result with the critical ratio to examine the causal association based on the formulated hypotheses. Moreover, the probability for are β1, γ1, and γ2 is *** or less than 0.000. In this situation, hypotheses one, two, and three are acknowledged because these values are below the 5% significance level. In other words, the positive effect of E- SAT on E-LOY, WQ on ESAT, and WQ on E-LOY exists.

Table 5: Path coefficient estimation result

OTGHB7_2021_v19n7_113_t0005.png 이미지

4.5. Discussion

This study effectively proves e-loyalty is positively influenced by e-satisfaction. It means the e-loyalty from using the virtual hotel applications is formed after the users are satisfied. When users get what they expect from the online application, they tell others a positive experience and demand others to utilize the similar application. Based on this positive impact, this study supports Hur et al. (2011), Ltifi & Gharbi (2012), Ahmad, Rahman, and Khan (2017), Gotama and Indarwati (2019), Kaya et al. (2019), Giao, Vuong, and Quan (2020), Haq and Awan (2020), Wang and Prompanyo (2020), and Sasono et al. (2021).

Also, this study effectively proves website quality positively influences e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Two pieces of this evidence exist because Airbnb, OYO, RedDoorz, and Airy provide a practical, informative, and interactive website. Although these three dimensions can reflect website quality, the relevant information and RI7 appear as the dimension and the related indicator with the lowest loading factor of 0.774 and 0.568, one-to-one (see Table 2). Based on this evidence, the virtual hotel operators, through their application, should give the correct news for the users by updating the room availability based on the number, the type, and the price. By doing it, the consumers will be able to make the booking decision quickly without dissatisfaction.

Besides, this positive impact appears because the respondents participating in this survey are dominated by the students (60.3%) (see Table 1). The students, according to the research of Kiyici (2012), are active internet users: 45.2% frequently connect their electronic devices online, 18.3% and 22.6% virtually spend from 11 to 20 hours, and more than 20 hours a week, respectively. Also, this positive effect happens because the most significant respondents joining this survey are aged 25 to 34 (41.7%) (see Table 3). This situation gets supported by the study of Saw, Goh, and Isa (2015) when learning the users reserving hotels online in Malaysia. They state 67.2% of them come from a similar range.

By denoting the positive association between website quality and e-satisfaction, this study is consistent with Kim and Stoel (2004), Bai et al. (2008), Hsieh (2019), Tirtayani and Sukaatmadja (2018), Hur et al. (2011), and Giao et al. (2020), displaying that website superiority is needed to create the satisfied users. Additionally, by mentioning a positive relationship between website quality and e-loyalty, this study is consistent with Winnie (2014), Hur et al. (2011), and Giao et al. (2020), declaring that website superiority is essential to create user loyalty.

5. Conclusion

This study examines and analyzes the association between e-satisfaction and e-loyalty, the relationship between website quality and e-satisfaction, and the connection between website quality and e-loyalty through the virtual distribution channels associated with booking hotel rooms. By surveying 350 users of the virtual hotel operator applications in Bandar Lampung: Airbnb, OYO, RedDoorz, and Airy, this study reveals that e-satisfaction encourages the e-loyalty of the VHO application users. Therefore, to implement this situation, the quality of the website is needed.

Although this study effectively proves the hypotheses and supports the previous research, this study is still imperfect. This situation happens because of some matters. Firstly, the users of virtual hotel operators as the samples only come from Bandar Lampung taken by snowball sampling. Secondly, the determinant of e-satisfaction and e-loyalty just consists of website quality.

• To improve the first one, we suggest that the other scholars enlarge the area where the users are from, for example, the capital city in the provinces in Sumatera, including Lampung. After that, they should calculate the total related users as a population by the specific statistical formula and take the samples randomly by cluster sampling method.

• To improve the second one, we recommend that the other scholars utilize the other determinants of e satisfaction and e-loyalty, such as hedonism, perceived value, e-trust, and users' age.

References

  1. Ahmad, A., Rahman, O., & Khan, M. N. (2017). Exploring the role of website quality and hedonism in the formation of esatisfaction and e-loyalty: Evidence from internet users in India. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 11(3), 246-267. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-04-2017-0022
  2. Anderson, R. E., & Srinivasan, S. S. (2003). E-satisfaction and eloyalty: A contingency framework. Psychology & Marketing, 20(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10063
  3. Bai, B., Law, R., & Wen, I. (2008). The impact of website quality on customer satisfaction and purchase intentions: Evidence from Chinese online visitors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.10.008
  4. Barnes, S. J., & Vidgen, R. T. (2002). An integrative approach to the assessment of e-commerce quality. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 3(3), 114-127.http://www.jecr.org/sites/default/files/03_3_p02_0.pdf
  5. Biswas, K. M., Nusari, M., & Ghosh, A. (2019). The influence of website service quality on customer satisfaction towards online shopping: The mediating role of confirmation of expectation. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 5(6), 7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.56.1001=
  6. Bowerman, B. L., & O'Connell, R. (2003). Business Statistics in Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  7. Boz, M. (2016). Online Booking as A Marketing Strategy: A Survey on Hotels in Antalya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(9.4), 78-85. https://www.iosrjournals.org//iosr-jbm/papers/Vol18-issue9/Version-4/L1809047885.pdf https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1809047885
  8. Danuri, M. (2019). The development and transformation of digital information. Jurnal Informasi Komputer dan Manajemen (INFOKAM), 15(2), 116-123. http://amikjtc.com/jurnal/index.php/jurnal/article/view/178
  9. DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2004). Measuring e-commerce success applying the DeLone and McLean information systems success model. Information Journal of Electronic Commerce, 9(1), 31-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751130 https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2004.11044317
  10. Feroza, M., Muhdiyanto, M., & Pramesti, D. (2018). Creating eloyalty on online shopping transactions through e-service quality and e-trust. Muhammadiyah International Journal of Economics and Business 1(1), 39-45. http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/mijeb/article/view/7305/4213 https://doi.org/10.23917/mijeb.v1i1.7305
  11. Ghozali, I. (2008). Structural Equation Modeling: The Alternative Method by Partial Least Square. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
  12. Ghozali, I. (2014). Structural Equation Model: Concepts and Applications of AMOS 22.0. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
  13. Ghozali, I. (2016). Application of Multivariate Analysis by IBM SPSS 23 (8 ed.). Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
  14. Giao, H. N. K., Vuong, B. N., & Quan, T. N. (2020). The influence of website quality on consumer's e-loyalty through the mediating role of e-trust and e-satisfaction: An evidence from online shopping in Vietnam. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 8, 351-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2019.11.004
  15. Gotama, F., & Indarwati, T. A. (2019). The effect of e-trust and eservice quality on e-loyalty with e-satisfaction as the mediation variable. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi, 6(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v6i2.9503
  16. Haq, I. U., & Awan, T. M. (2020). Impact of e-banking service quality on e-loyalty in pandemic times through interplay of esatisfaction. Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management, 17(1/2), 39-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/XJM-07-2020-0039
  17. Hartono, J. (2012). Research Business Methodology: Misunderstanding and Experience (5 ed.). Yogyakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
  18. Hendriyati, L. (2019). The influence of online travel agent on booking rooms in Mutiara Hotel, Malioboro, Yogyakarta. Media Wisata, 17(1), 1-10. https://www.amptajurnal.ac.id/index.php/MWS/article/view/279
  19. Hsieh, H. J. (2019). Effect of website quality on e-satisfaction. Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research, 345, 579-582. https://www.atlantispress.com/proceedings/isemss-19/125918681
  20. Hur, Y., Ko, Y. J., & Valacich, J. (2011). A structural model of the relationships between sport website quality, e-satisfaction, and e-loyalty. Journal of Sport Management, 25, 458-473. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.5.458
  21. Kaya, B., Behravesh, E., Abubakar, A. M., Kaya, O. S., & Orus, C. (2019). The moderating role of website familiarity in the relationships between e-service quality, e-satisfaction, and eLoyalty. Journal of Internet Commerce, 18(4), 369-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2019.1668658
  22. Kiani, R. G. (1998). Marketing opportunities in the digital world. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 8(2), 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662249810211656
  23. Kim, S., & Stoel, L. (2004). Apparel retailers: website quality dimensions and satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 11, 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(03)00010-9
  24. Kiyici, M. (2012). Internet shopping behavior of college of education students. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(3), 202-214. http://www.tojet.net/articles/v11i3/11319.pdf
  25. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
  26. Kusumawati, F. (2020). The trend of virtual hotel operator in Yogyakarta: Case study of Oyo. Media Wisata, 18(1), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.36276/mws.v18i1.80
  27. Latan, H. (2013). Structural Equation Model: Theory and Implementation of AMOS 21.0. Bandung: Alfabeta.
  28. Ltifi, M., & Gharbi, J. E. (2012). E-satisfaction and e-loyalty of consumer shopping online. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(1), 1-20. https://www.icommercecentral.com/open-access/esatisfactionand-eloyalty-of-consumers-shopping-online.pdf
  29. Phromlert, C., Deebhijarn, S., & Sornsaruht, P. (2019). How website quality, e-service quality, e-satisfaction, and social value affect poshtel e-loyalty in Thailand. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(5), 1-14. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_88_vol_8_5__2019_thailand.pdf
  30. Rahmalia, P., & Chan, S. (2019). The influence of service quality and e-service quality on the satisfaction that is mediated by perceived value applied to consumers of Tiki Jalur Nugraha Ekakurir in Banda Aceh. Jurnal Manajemen Inovasi, 10(1), 66-76. http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JInoMan/article/view/14383/10813
  31. Samuelson, P. A., & Nordhaus, W. D. (2010). Economics (19 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  32. Sasono, I., Jubaedi, A. D., Novitasari, D., Wiyono, N., Riyanto, R., Oktabrianto, O., Jainuri, J., & Waruwu, H. (2021). The impact of e-service quality and satisfaction on customer loyalty: Empirical evidence from internet banking users in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(4), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no4.0465
  33. Saw, S.-L., Goh, Y.-N., & Isa, S. (2015). Exploring consumers' intention toward online hotel reservations: insights from Malaysia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(2-si), 249-257. https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/6713/PPM_2015_02spec.issue_M_Saw.pdf
  34. Sholihin, M., & Ratmono, D. (2020). SEM Analysis with WarpPLS 7.0 for Non-linier Relationship in the Social and Business research. Yogyakarta: Penerbit ANDI.
  35. Sugiyono. (2012). Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Methods. Bandung: Alfabeta.
  36. Tirtayani, I. G. A., & Sukaatmadja, I. P. G. (2018). The effect of perceived website quality, e-satisfaction, and e -trust towards online repurchase intention. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 6(10), 262-287. http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/61018.pdf
  37. Tsao, W.C., Hsieh, M. T., & Lin, T. M. Y. (2016). Intensifying online loyalty! The power of website quality and the perceived value of consumer/seller relationship. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1987-2010. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2015-0293
  38. Tseng, T. H., & Lee, C. T. (2018). Facilitation of consumer loyalty toward branded applications: The dual-route perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1297-1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.002
  39. Virgianne, Y., Ariani, N. M., & Suarka, F. M. (2019). The influence of e-service quality on domestic tourist satisfaction in Airy Rooms in Kuta Bali. Jurnal Kepariwisataan dan Hospitalitas, 3(1), 108-125. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jkh/article/view/46434/30794
  40. Wang, L., & Prompanyo, M. (2020). Modeling the relationship between perceived values, e-satisfaction, and e-loyalty. Management Science Letters, 10 (11), 2609-2616. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.3.032
  41. Wiastuti, R. D., & Susilowardhani, E. M. (2016). Virtual hotel operator; Is it disruption for the hotel industry? Jurnal Hospitality dan Pariwisata, 2(2), 201-215. https://journal.ubm.ac.id/index.php/hospitality-pariwisata/article/view/905
  42. Winnie, P.-M. W. (2014). The effects of website quality on customer e-loyalty: The mediating effect of trustworthiness. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(3), 19-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i3/670.