Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회지)

Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimating TOC Concentrations Using an Optically-Active Water Quality Factors in Estuarine Reservoirs

광학특성을 가진 수질변수를 활용한 하구 담수호 내 TOC 농도 추정

  • Kim, Jinuk (Department of Civil, Environmental and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Jang, Wonjin (Department of Civil, Environmental and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Shin, Jaeki (Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water)) ;
  • Kang, Euntae (Korea Rural Community Corporation, Rural Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Jinhwi (Department of Civil, Environmental and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Park, Yongeun (School of Civil, Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Kim, Seongjoon (School of Civil, Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University)
  • 김진욱 (건국대학교 사회환경플랜트공학과) ;
  • 장원진 (건국대학교 사회환경플랜트공학과) ;
  • 신재기 (한국수자원공사) ;
  • 강의태 (한국농어촌공사 농어촌연구원) ;
  • 김진휘 (건국대학교 사회환경플랜트공학과) ;
  • 박용은 (건국대학교 사회환경공학부) ;
  • 김성준 (건국대학교 사회환경공학부)
  • Received : 2021.09.16
  • Accepted : 2021.11.26
  • Published : 2021.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, the TOC in six estuarine reservoirs in the West Sea (Ganwol, Namyang, Daeho, Bunam, Sapkyo, and Asan) was estimated using optically-active water quality factors by the water environment monitoring network. First, specification data and land use maps of each estuarine reservoir were collected. Subsequently, water quality data from 2013 to 2020 were collected. The data comprised of 11 parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, water temperature, electrical conductivity, total coliforms, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The TOC in the estuarine reservoirs was 4.9~7.0 mg/L, with the highest TOC of 7.0 mg/L observed at the Namyang reservoir, which has a low shape coefficient and high drainage density. The correlation of TOC with water quality factors was also analyzed, and the correlation coefficients of Chl-a and SS were 0.28 and 0.19, respectively, while the correlation coefficients of these factors in the Namyang reservoir were 0.42 and 0.27, respectively. To improve the estimation of TOC using Chl-a and SS, the TOC was averaged in 5 mg/L units, and Chl-a and SS were averaged. Correlation analysis was then performed and the R2 of Chl-a-TOC was 0.73. The R2 of SS-TOC was 0.73 with a non-linear relationship. TOC had a significant non-linear relationship with Chl-a and SS. However, the relationship should be assessed in terms of the spatial and temporal variations to construct a reliable remote sensing system.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 결과물은 농림축산식품부의 재원으로 농림식품기술기획평가원의 농업기반및재해대응기술개발사업의 지원을 받아 연구되었음(320049-5). 이에 감사드립니다.

References

  1. Choi, B. W. and Kang, M. A. (2018). Availability evaluation of TOC as the environmental standard - Survey of lakes in Nakdong river basin -, Journal of Wetlands Research, 20(2), 173-180. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2018.20.2.173
  2. Choi, D. H., Jung, J. W., Yoon, K. S., Lee, K. S., Choi, W. J., Lim, S. S., Park, H. N., Yim, B. J., and Hwang, T. H. (2012). Estimation of TOC concentration using BOD, COD in runoff from paddy fields, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 28(6), 813-818. [Korean Literature]
  3. Choi, M. J., Jung, W. H., Hwang, H. D., and Kim, Y. I. (2018). Water quality improvement plans of Daeho reservoir based on the analysis of watershed characteristics and water quality modelling, Journal of Korean Society Environmental Engineers, 40(7), 267-276. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2018.40.7.267
  4. Choi, S. K. and Kim, K. H. (2001). A study of the systematic integration of WASP5 water quality model with a GIS, The Journal of GIS Association of Korea, 9(2), 291-307. [Korean Literature]
  5. Ham, J. H., Yoon, C. G., and Loucks, D. P. (2007). Integrated watershed modeling under uncertainty, Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers, 49(4), 13-22. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5389/KSAE.2007.49.4.013
  6. Jung, J., Ryu, J. H., Lee, S. H., Oh, Y. Y., Kim, Y. J., Kim, S., Kim, J. H., Hong, H. C., Kim, Y. D., and Kim, S. L. (2016). Characteristics of water quality at freshwater lakes and inflow streams in west reclaimed lands of South Korea, Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology, 24(3), 135-147. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17640/kswst.2016.24.3.135
  7. Jung, K. Y.,, Ahn, J. M., Lee, K. L., Kim, S., Yu, J. J., Cheon, S. U., and Lee, I. J. (2015). Develop ment and evaluation of regression model for TOC contentation estimation in Gam stream watershed, Journal of Environmental Science International, 24(6), 743-753. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2015.24.6.743
  8. Jung, S. Y. and Kim, I. K. (2017). Analysis of water quality factor and correlation between water quality and Chl-a in middle and downstream weir section of Nakdong river, Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, 39(2), 89-96. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2017.39.2.89
  9. Keller, S., Maier, P. M., Riese, F. M., Norra, S., Holbach, A., Borsig, N., Wilhelms, A., Moldaenke, C., Zaake, A., and Hinz, S. (2018). Hyperspectral data and machine learning for estimating CDOM, chlorophyll a, diatoms, green algae and turbidity, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091881
  10. Kim, B. C., Jung, S. M., Jang, C. W., and Kim, J. K. (2007). Comparison of BOD, COD and TOC as the indicator of organic matter pollution in streams and reservoirs of Korea, Journal of Korean Society Environmental Engineers, 29(6), 640-643. [Korean Literature]
  11. Kim, G. H., Baeck, S. H., Jung, Y. H., and Kim, K. T. (2016). Development and evaluation of potential flood damage index for public facilities, Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineer, 58(4), 97-106. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5389/KSAE.2016.58.4.097
  12. Kim, G. H., Jung, K. Y., Yoon, J. S., and Cheon, S. U. (2013). Temporal and spatial analysis of water quality data observed in lower watershed of Nam river dam, Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 13(6), 429-437. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2013.13.6.429
  13. Kim, K. Y., Kim, B. C., Eom, J. S., Choi, Y. S., Jang, C. W., and Park, H. K. (2009). The distribution of POC and DOC in four reservoirs on the North Han river and the relationship with algal density, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 25(6), 840-848. [Korean Literature]
  14. Kim, T. W., Shin, H. S., and Suh, Y. C. (2014). Airborne hyperspectral imagery availability to estimate inland water quality parameter, Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(1), 61-73. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.7780/KJRS.2014.30.1.6
  15. Larsen, S., Andersen, T., and Hessen, D. O. (2011). Predicting organic carbon in lakes from climate drivers and catchment properties, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 25(3), 1-10.
  16. Lee, H., Kang, T. G., Nam, G. B., Ha, R., and Cho, K. H. (2015). Remote estimation models for deriving chlorophyll-a concentration using optical properties in turbid inland waters: Application and valuation, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 31(3), 272-285. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2015.31.3.272
  17. Lee, S. M., Park, K. D., and Kim, I. K. (2020). Comparison of machine learning algorithms for Chl-a prediction in the middle of Nakdong river (focusing on water quality and quantity factors), Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater, 34(4), 277-288. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2020.34.4.277
  18. Lim, D. I., Choi, H. W., Kim, Y. O., Jung, H. S., and Kang, Y. S. (2011). Concentration level and grading of water quality components (COD, DIN, DIP, Chlorophyll-a) in Korean coastal waters: A statistical approach, Ocean and Polar Research, 33(1), 13-20. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2011.33.1.013
  19. Matthews, M. W. (2011). A current review of empirical procedures of remote sensing in inland and near-coastal transitional waters, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(21), 6855-6899. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.512947
  20. Ministry of Environment (ME). (2021). Water Environment Infor mation System, http://water.nier.go.kr/web/contents/contentView/?pMENU_NO=68 (accessed Nov. 2021)
  21. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). (2005). A research for the salt damage prediction system development of the fresh water reservoir at the reclaimed tideland, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gwacheon, Korea, 10-34. [Korean Literature]
  22. Park, J. H., Jung, J. W., Kim, D. Y., Kim, K. S., Han, S. W., Kim, H. O., and Lim, B. J. (2013). Water quality characteristics of the major tributaries in Yeongsan and Sumjin river basin using statistical analysis, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 22(2), 171-181. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.14249/EIA.2013.22.2.171
  23. Ryoo, K. S. and Ha, H. M. (2007). Optimal estimation of water use in the large-scale basin, Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineer, 49(3), 5-12. [Korean Literature]
  24. Thurman, E. M. (1985). Organic geochemistry of natural waters, Maritinus Nijhoff/ Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  25. Unganai L. S. and Kogan F. N. (1998). Drought monitoring and corn yield estimation in Southern Africa from AVHRR data, Remote sensing of Environment, 63, 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00132-6