DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

무엇이 한국인을 중국인과 일본인보다 행복하지 않게 만드는가?

What Makes South Korean Perceive Happiness Lower Than Chinese and Japanese?

  • Park, Sang-June (Department of Business Administration, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Zhao, Rui (Department of Business Administration, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Yeong-Ran (Department of Business Administration, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Park, Ki-Chul (Department of Business Administration, Jeonbuk National University)
  • 투고 : 2021.08.31
  • 심사 : 2021.09.21
  • 발행 : 2021.09.30

초록

Purpose - Previous research points out that South Korean perceive their happiness less than Chinese and Japanese, although the three nations belong to the same Northeast Asia cultural sphere. This study aims to find out the reasons for the relatively low perception of happiness in South Korea and develop policy options to improve the relatively low perceived happiness in South Korea. Design/methodology/approach - For the analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis were performed based on the World Values Survey data (Wave 7). Findings - First, South Korean perceived happiness less than Chinese due to 'satisfaction with the financial situation of household' and 'in-group trust'. More specifically, although there was no difference in the impact of 'satisfaction with the financial situation of household' on perceived happiness in South Korea and China, South Korean evaluated 'satisfaction with the financial situation of household' lower than Chinese. In addition, the impact of 'in-group trust' on happiness in South Korea was less than that in China, where the level of 'in-group trust' was also lower in South Korea than China. Second, South Korean perceived happiness less than Japanese due to 'in-group trust'. Although South Korean had a higher level of 'in-group trust' than Japanese, the impact of 'in-group trust' on perceived happiness was less in South Korea than Japan. The contribution of 'in-group trust' to perceived happiness, calculated with the regression coefficient of 'in-group trust' multiplied by the mean of 'in-group trust', was evaluated lower in South Korea than Japan. Research implications or Originality - This study identifies the mechanism leading to low perception of happiness in South Korea, based on the World Values Survey data.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 강우진 (2020), "무엇이 행복을 결정하는가?-OECD 6개국에서 경제적 불평등과 제도신뢰의 영향력 중심으로", 국제정치연구, 23(1), 139-165.
  2. 강혜진, 이민아 (2019), "사회신뢰와 대인신뢰가 행복에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구-삶의 질 매개효과 차이를 중심으로", 한국정책학회보, 28(1), 329-360.
  3. 금현섭, 백승주 (2011), "사회보험과 주관적 계층의식의 변동", 정책분석평가학회보, 21(3), 61-86. https://doi.org/10.23036/KAPAE.2011.21.3.004
  4. 김상욱 (2020), "한중일의 행복수준 비교", 중국학연구회, 94, 115-144.
  5. 박상준 (2012), "한국, 일본, 중국, 미국의 경쟁과 부에 대한 인식과 사회신뢰", 한국경영과학회지, 37(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.7737/JKORMS.2012.37.1.061
  6. 삼성경제연구소 (2009), 한국의 사회갈등과 경제적 비용, CEO Information, 제710호.
  7. 신승배, 이정환 (2015), "동아시아의 가족가치관과 행복감 비교: 한국, 중국, 일본 비교", 지역과 세계, 39(3), 279-310.
  8. 이연경, 이승종 (2017), "사회계층이 행복에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 객관적 계층과 주관적 계층의식을 중심으로", 행정논총, 55(1), 1-39.
  9. 임현철, (2019), "사회적자본과 안전인식 그리고 개인웰빙에 관한 연구: 사회적자본과 안전인식의 관계를 중심으로", 한국정책학회, 2019(1), 1-22.
  10. 전해정 (2014), "경제성장과 소득 불균형 간의 관계에 관한 연구", 서울도시연구, 15(2), 95-111.
  11. 정은진, 이재덕 (2018), "개인의 행복 여부 인식에 영향을 미치는 사회적 자본 요인 탐색", 역량개발학습연구, 13(1), 27-45.
  12. Aristotle. (1998), Nicomachean Ethics(David R., Trans.), New York, NY: Oxford University Press (Original work published in 1558).
  13. Ball, R. and K. Chernova (2008), "Absolute Income, Relative Income, and Happiness", Social Indicators Research, 88(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9217-0
  14. Bessey, D. (2015), "Love Actually? Dissecting the Marriage-Happiness Relationship", Asian Economic Journal, 29(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/asej.12045
  15. Bjornskov, C. (2008), "Social Capital and Happiness in the United States", Applied Research in Quality of Life, 3(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-008-9046-6
  16. Brockmann, H., J. Delhey, C. Welzel and H. Yuan (2009), "The China Puzzle: Falling Happiness in a Rising Economy", Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(4), 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9095-4
  17. Buchan, N. R., R. T. Croson and R. M. Dawes (2002), "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange", American Journal of sociology, 108(1), 168-206. https://doi.org/10.1086/344546
  18. Clark, A., P. Frijters and M. Shields (2008), "A Survey of the Income Happiness Gradient", Journal of Economic literature, 46(1), 95-144. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.46.1.95
  19. Delhey, J., K. Newton and C. Welzel (2011), "How General Is Trust in "Most People"? Solving the Radius of Trust Problem", American Sociological Review, 76(5), 786-807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411420817
  20. Di Tella, R., R. J. MacCulloch and A. J. Oswald (2003), "The Macroeconomics of Happiness", Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 809-827. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815745
  21. Diener, E. and C. Diener (1995), "The Wealth of Nations Revisited: Income and Quality of Life", Social Indicators Research, 36(3), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078817
  22. Diener, E. and S. Oishi (2000), "Money and Happiness: Income and Subjective Well-Being Across Nations", In E. Diener and E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-Being, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 185-218.
  23. Diener, E., E. Suh, C. Kim-Prieto, R. Biswas-Diener and L. Tay (2010, December 30), "Unhappiness in South Korea: Why It Is High and What Might Be Done about It", 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 자료집, Seoul, South Korea.
  24. Diener, E., R. Inglehart and L. Tay (2013), "Theory and Validity of Life Satisfaction Scales", Social Indicators Research, 112(3), 497-527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y
  25. Easterlin, R. A. (1974), "Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence", Nations and Households in Economic Growth, 89-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-205050-3.50008-7
  26. Freitag, M. and R. Traunmuller (2009), "Spheres of Trust: An Empirical Analysis of the Foundations of Particularised and Generalised Trust", European Journal of Political Research, 48(6), 782-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00849.x
  27. Frey, B. S. and A. Stutzer (2002), "What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?", Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205102320161320
  28. Fukuyama, F. (1995), Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York, NY: Free Press.
  29. Glaeser, E. L., D. I. Laibson, J. A. Scheinkman and C. L. Soutter (2000), "Measuring Trust", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 811-846. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554926
  30. Glatz, C. and A. Eder (2020), "Patterns of Trust and Subjective Well-Being Across Europe: New Insights from Repeated Cross-Sectional Analyses Based on the European Social Survey 2002-2016", Social Indicators Research, 148(2), 417-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02212-x
  31. Golden, L. and B. Wiens-Tuers (2006), "To Your Happiness? Extra Hours of Labor Supply and Worker Well-Being", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35(2), 382-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.039
  32. Golden, L. and B. Wiens-Tuers (2008), "Overtime Work and Wellbeing at Home", Review of Social Economy, 66(1), 25-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346760701668495
  33. Graham, C. (2011), The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-Being, New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan.
  34. Graham, C. and S. Pettinato (2002), "Frustrated Achievers: Winners, Losers and Subjective Well-Being in New Market Economies", Journal of Development Studies, 38(4), 100-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322431
  35. Haybron, D. M. (2003), "What Do We Want From a Theory of Happiness?", Metaphilosophy, 34(3), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9973.00275
  36. Helliwell, J. F. (2006), "Well-Being, Social Capital and Public Policy: What's New?", The Economic Journal, 116(510), C34-C45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01074.x
  37. Helliwell, J. F. and R. D. Putnam (2004), "The Social Context of Well-Being", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1435-1446. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522
  38. Helliwell, J. F., R. Layard and J. Sachs (Eds.) (2015), World Happiness Report 2015, New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
  39. Helliwell, J. F., R. Layard, J. Sachs and J. -E. De Neve (Eds.) (2021), World Happiness Report 2021, New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
  40. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage publications.
  41. Holmberg, S. and B. Rothstein (2017), "Trusting Other People", Journal of Public Affairs, 17(e1645), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1645
  42. Hori, M. and Y. Kamo (2018), "Gender Differences in Happiness: the Effects of Marriage, Social Roles, and Social Support in East Asia", Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(4), 839-857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9559-y
  43. Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova and J. Diez-Medrano et al. (2020), World Values Survey: Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version. Available from https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp
  44. International Monetary Found (IMF) (2021), World Economic Outlook. Avaliable from https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEO
  45. Jasielska, D. (2020), "The Moderating Role of Kindness on the Relation Between Trust and Happiness", Current Psychology, 39(6), 2065-2073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9886-7
  46. Jasielska, D., M. Stolarski and M. Bilewicz (2018), "Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(8), 1227-1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204
  47. Jung, M. H. (2020), "A Study on the Correlation between Social Class and Life Satisfaction Perceived by the Korean Elderly", Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 7(7), 543-553. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.543
  48. Keyes, C. L. M., D. Shmotkin and C. D. Ryff (2002), "Optimizing Well-Being: The Empirical Encounter of Two Traditions", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.1007
  49. Kim, B. K. (1998), "Socioeconomic Status and Perception of the Quality of Life in Korea", Development and Society, 27(2), 1-15. http://www.jstor.org/stable/deveandsoci.27.2.1
  50. Kim, J. W., C. Lim and C. Falci (2020), "Subjective Social Class, Perceived Quality of Social Relationships, and Happiness: A Case of Mediation and Moderation across Gender", International Sociology, 35(3), 312-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920906375
  51. Koo, H. (2007), "The Changing Faces of Inequality in South Korea in the Age of Globalization", Korean Studies(31), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2008.0018
  52. Kramer, R. M. (1999), "Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions", Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 569-598. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.569
  53. Kramer, R. M. (2017), "Ingroup-Outgroup Trust: Barriers, Benefits, and Bridges", In E. M. Uslaner (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1-24.
  54. Layard, P. (2005), Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, New York, NY: Penguin Press.
  55. Lee, D. Y., S. H. Park, M. R. Uhlemann and P. Patsult (2000), "What Makes You Happy?: A Comparison of Self-Reported Criteria of Happiness between Two Cultures", Social Indicators Research, 50(3), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004647517069
  56. Li, Q. and L. An (2020), "Corruption Takes Away happiness: Evidence from a Cross-National Study", Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(2), 485-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00092-z
  57. Lim, C., D. K. Im and S. Lee (2021), "Revisiting the "Trust Radius" Question: Individualism, Collectivism, and Trust Radius in South Korea", Social Indicators Research, 153(1), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02496-4
  58. Lim, H. E., D. Shaw, P. S. Liao and H. B. Duan (2020), "The Effects of Income on Happiness in East and South Asia,: Societal Values Matter?", Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(2), 391-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00088-9
  59. Lu, H., P. Tong and R. Zhu (2020), "Longitudinal Evidence on Social Trust and Happiness in China: Causal Effects and Mechanisms", Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(5), 1841-1858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00159-x
  60. Majeed, M. T. and I. Samreen (2021), "Social Capital as A Source of Happiness: Evidence from A Cross-Country Analysis", International Journal of Social Economics, 48(1), 159-179. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2019-0602
  61. Miller, A. S. and T. Mitamura (2003), "Are Surveys on Trust Trustworthy?", Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(1), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090141
  62. Ng, W. and E. Diener (2014), "What Matters to the Rich and the Poor? Subjective Well-Being, Financial Satisfaction, and Postmaterialist Needs Across the World", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(2), 326-338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036856
  63. Ng, Y. K. (2002), "East-Asian Happiness Gap: Speculating on Causes and Implications", Pacific Economic Review, 7(1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.00149
  64. Ngamaba, K. H., C. Armitage, M. Panagioti, and A. Hodkinson (2020), "How Closely Related Are Financial Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 85, 101522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2020.101522
  65. Oshio, T., K. Nozaki and M. Kobayashi (2011), "Relative Income and Happiness in Asia: Evidence from Nationwide Surveys in China, Japan, and Korea", Social Indicators Research, 104(3), 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9754-9
  66. Paxton, P. (1999), "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment", American Journal of Sociology, 105(1), 88-127. https://doi.org/10.1086/210268
  67. Piff, P. K. and J. P. Moskowitz (2018), "Wealth, Poverty, and Happiness: Social Class is Differentially Associated with Positive Emotions", Emotion, 18(6), 902-905. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000387
  68. Ram, R. (2010), "Social Capital and Happiness: Additional Cross-Country Evidence", Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(4), 409-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9148-3
  69. Sung, P. and J. Son (2020), "In-Group Trust and Self-Rated Health in East Asia Using Quadri-National Survey Data", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 61(1), 27-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715220937752
  70. Tatarkiewicz, W. (1976), Analysis of Happiness, The Hague, Netherlands: Martinis Nijhoff.
  71. Tavor, T., L. D. Gonen, M. Weber and U. Spiegel (2018), "The Effects of Income Levels and Income Inequalities on Happiness", Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(7), 2115-2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9911-9
  72. Tokuda, Y. and T. Inoguchi (2008), "Interpersonal Mistrust and Unhappiness among Japanese People", Social Indicators Research, 89(2), 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9235-y
  73. Tokuda, Y., S. Fujii and T. Inoguchi (2010), "Individual and Country-Level Effects of Social Trust on Happiness: The Asia Barometer Survey", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(10), 2574-2593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00671.x
  74. Torpe, L. and H. Lolle (2011), "Identifying Social Trust in Cross-Country Analysis: Do We Really Measure the Same?", Social Indicators Research, 103(3), 481-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9713-5
  75. Veenhoven, R. (1984), Conditions of Happiness, Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
  76. Veenhoven, R. (1999), "The Four Qualities of Life", Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(1), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010072010360
  77. Veenhoven, R. (2008), "Healthy Happiness: Effects of Happiness on Physical Health and the Consequences for Preventive Health Care", Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(3), 449-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9042-1
  78. Wei, X., S. Huang, M. Stodolska and Y. Yu, (2015), "Leisure Time, Leisure Activities, and Happiness in China: Evidence from a National Survey", Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 556-576. https://doi.org/10.18666/JLR-2015-V47-I5-6120
  79. Welch, M. R., D. Sikkink and M. T. Loveland (2007), "The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers", Social Forces, 86(1), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0116
  80. Welzel, C. and J. Delhey (2015), "Generalizing Trust: The Benign Force of Emancipation", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(7), 875-896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115588366
  81. World Values Survey (WVS), Available from https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
  82. Wu, Y. and J. Zhu (2016), "When Are People Unhappy? Corruption Experience, Environment, and Life Satisfaction in Mainland China", Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(3), 1125-1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9635-7
  83. Yamaoka, K. (2008), "Social Capital and Health and Well-Being in East Asia: A Population-Based Study", Social Science & Medicine, 66(4), 885-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.024
  84. Yamashita, T., A. R. Bardo, and D. Liu (2016), "Are East Asians Happy to Work More or Less? Associations Between Working Hours, Relative Income and Happiness in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan", Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19(3), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12140
  85. Ye, D. Z., Y. K. Ng and Y. J. Lian (2015), "Culture and Happiness", Social Indicators Research, 123(2), 519-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0747-y