Congressional Caucus and Foreign Policy: A Study of the Korea Caucus in U.S. Congress

의회 조직과 외교 정책: 미국 의회 코리아 코커스 사례를 중심으로

  • Received : 2021.11.29
  • Accepted : 2021.12.27
  • Published : 2021.12.31

Abstract

U.S. lawmakers tend to organize sub-party groups focusing on regions, ideologies, policies, and foreign affairs. Examples include the conservative Freedom Caucus loyal to Trump and the Congressional Black Caucus promoting the interests of African Americans. Then how do these legislative groups affect the making of U.S. foreign policy? Paying special attention to the Korea caucus in U.S. Congress, we have analyzed the sources and processes of congressional caucus and foreign policy and have learned that structures and activities of the caucuses differ from one another. The Korea caucus seems to be a bipartisan group that focuses on issues such as trade, travel, and troubles provoked by Pyongyang. However, the Korea caucus is not really a solid voting bloc for policy alternatives; it is instead more of a constituency-oriented legislative group that prioritizes local interests. This research underscores the need for systematic and comprehensive study of U.S. legislative politics and foreign policy.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 2019년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 인문사회분야 중견연구자 지원사업의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구(NRF-2019S1A5A2A01047605)이며 유익한 논평을 해 주신 세 분의 심사자께 깊은 감사를 드립니다.

References

  1. 권용립. 2010. 「미국 외교의 역사」. 서울: 삼인.
  2. 백창재. 2020. 「미국 정치 연구」. 서울: 사회평론아카데미.
  3. 서정건. 2019. 「미국 정치가 국제 이슈를 만날 때: 정쟁은 외교 앞에서 사라지는가 아니면 시작하는가」. 서울: 서강대학교 출판부.
  4. 이종곤. 2020. 「2020 대선 대비 트럼프 대통령의 당내 계파별 포섭 전략」. 「미국학논집」. 52권 2호: 93-119.
  5. Ainsworth, Scott H., and Frances Akins. 1997. "The Informational Role of Caucuses in the U.S. Congress." American Politics Quarterly 25, no.4: 407-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x9702500401
  6. ANCA. n.d. "Armenian Caucus." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://anca.org/armenian-caucus/.
  7. ANCA. 2021. "Armenian Caucus Seeks over $100 Million in US Aid for Artsakh and Armenia." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://armenianweekly.com/2021/04/01/armenian-caucus-seeks-over-100-million-in-us-aid-for-artsakh-and-armenia/.
  8. Bera, Ami. 2021. "Reps. Bera and Chabot Reintroduce Bipartisan Taiwan Fellowship Act." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://bera.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/reps-bera-and-chabot-reintroduce-bipartisan-taiwan-fellowship-act.
  9. Blum, Robert M. 1982. Drawing the Line: The Origin of American Containment Policy in East Asia. New York: W. W. Norton.
  10. Brady, David W., and Charles S. Bullock III. 1980. "Is There a Conservative Coalition in the House?" Journal of Politics 42, no.2: 549-559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2130473
  11. Burns, James MacGregor. 1963. The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America. New York: Prentice Hall.
  12. Byun, Duk-kun. 2021. "U.S. Lawmakers Call on Biden to Declare Formal End to Korean War." Yonhap News Agency, November 9, 2021. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211109003500325.
  13. Chabot, Steve. 2019. "Taiwan Caucus Co-Chairs' Letter to USTR on Beginning Trade Deal Negotiations with Taiwan." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://chabot.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=400944.
  14. Coleman, John. 1999. "Unified Government, Divided Government, and Party Responsiveness." American Political Science Review 93: 821-835. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586115
  15. Cox, Gary W., and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2005. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  16. FAPA. n.d. "Formosan Association for Public Affairs." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://fapa.org/.
  17. Fleisher, Richard, Jon Bond, Glen Krutz, and Stephan Hanna. 2000. "The Demise of the Two Presidencies." American Politics Quarterly 28, no.1: 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X00028001001
  18. FMC. n.d. "FMC-The Association of Former Members of Congress." Accessed October 21, 2021. https://www.usafmc.org/csg.
  19. Greenstein, Fred I., ed. 1995. Leadership in the Modern Presidency. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  20. Grossmann, Matt, and David A. Hopkins. 2016. Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. New York: Oxford University Press.
  21. Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. 2019. "The Republican Devolution: Partisanship and the Decline of American Governance." Foreign Affairs 98, no.4:42-51.
  22. Hammond, Susan W. 1998. Congressional Caucuses in National Policy Making. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  23. Howell, William G. 2003. Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  24. Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Nathan W. Monroe. 2014. "Negative Agenda Control and the Conservative Coalition in the U.S. House." Journal of Politics 76, no.4: 1116-1127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381614000620
  25. Johnson, Robert David. 1995. The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  26. Kastner, Scott L., and Douglas B. Grob. 2009. "Legislative Foundations of US-Taiwan Relations." Foreign Policy Analysis 5: 59-60.
  27. Mann, Thomas E. 1988. "The Permanent Minority Party in American Politics." The Brookings Review 6, no.1: 33-38.
  28. Mead, Walter Russell. 2011. "The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy-What Populism Means for Globalism." Foreign Affairs 90, no.2: 28-44.
  29. Medvic, Stephen K. 2007. "Old Democrats in New Clothing?" Party Politics 13, no.5: 587-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807080087
  30. Milkis, Sidney. 1993. The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal. New York: Oxford University Press.
  31. Nakayama, Shin. 2014. "Japan Gains an Interest Group in US Congress." Nikkei Asia, January 16, 2014. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Japan-gains-an-interest-group-in-US-Congress.
  32. Neustadt, Richard E. 1960. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Wiley.
  33. Nir, David. 2021. "With Polarization at a Peak, the Number of House Crossover Districts Is at Its Lowest in a Century." Daily Kos, February 20, 2021. https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2021/2/19/2016976/-With-polarization-at-a-peak-the-number-of-House-crossover-districts-isat-its-lowest-in-a-century.
  34. Peake, Jeffrey S. 2002. "Coalition Building and Overcoming Legislative Gridlock in Foreign Policy, 1947-98." Presidential Studies Quarterly 32, no.1: 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2002.tb00014.x
  35. Rathbun, Brian. 2013. "Steeped in International Affairs?: The Foreign Policy Views of the Tea Party." Foreign Policy Analysis 9: 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00196.x
  36. Rudalevige, Andrew. 2006. The New Imperial Presidency. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  37. Schiff, Adam. 2020. "Armenian Caucus Co-Chairs Send Letter to Library of Congress Urging Historically Accurate Characterization of Armenian Genocide." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://schiff.house.gov/news/press-releases/armenian-caucus-co-chairs-send-letter-to-library-of-congress_urging-historically-accurate-characterization-of-armenian-genocide.
  38. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. 1973. The Imperial Presidency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  39. Seo, Jungkun. 2015. "Agreements Without Commitments? The US Congress and the US-North Korea Agreed Framework, 1994-2002." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 27, no.1: 107-122. https://doi.org/10.22883/KJDA.2015.27.1.007
  40. Sherman, Brad. 2021. "Sherman, Chabot and Colleagues Introduce the Taiwan Diplomatic Review Act." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://sherman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/sherman-chabot-and-colleagues-introduce-the-taiwan-diplomatic-review-act.
  41. Smith, Adrian. 2020. "On to Phase Two with Japan." Accessed October 22, 2021. https://adriansmith.house.gov/newsroom/columns/phase-two-japan.
  42. The Hill Staff. 2007. "Levin Calls For Changes in South Korea Trade Deal." The Hill, June 12, 2007. https://thehill.com/homenews/news/12199-levin-calls-for-changes-in-south-korea-trade-deal.
  43. U.S. Library of Congress. 2019. Congressional Member Organizations(CMOs) and Informal Member Groups: Their Purpose and Activities, History, Formation, by Sarah J. Eckman. R40683. Congressional Research Service.
  44. Wildavsky, Aaron. 1966. "The Two Presidencies." Trans-Action 4: 7-14.
  45. Zelizer, Julian E., ed. 2004. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.