Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Seismic investigation of cyclic pushover method for regular reinforced concrete bridge

  • Shafigh, Afshin (Department of Civil Engineering, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Ahmadi, Hamid Reza (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh) ;
  • Bayat, Mahmoud (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina)
  • Received : 2020.06.13
  • Accepted : 2021.01.03
  • Published : 2021.04.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Inelastic static pushover analysis has been used in the academic-research widely for seismic analysis of structures. Nowadays, the variety pushover analysis methods have been developed, including Modal pushover, Adaptive pushover, and Cyclic pushover, in which some weaknesses of the conventional pushover method have been rectified. In the conventional pushover analysis method, the effects of cumulative growth of cracks are not considered on the reduction of strength and stiffness of RC members that occur during earthquake or cyclic loading. Therefore, the Cyclic Pushover Analysis Method (CPA) has been proposed. This method is a powerful technique for seismic evaluation of regular reinforced concrete buildings in which the first mode of them is dominant. Since the bridges have different structures than buildings, their results cannot necessarily be attributed to bridges, and more research is needed. In this study, a cyclic pushover analysis with four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) by the Opensees software was conducted for seismic evaluation of two regular reinforce concrete bridges. The modeling method was validated with the comparison of the analytical and experimental results under both cyclic and dynamic loading. The failure mode of the piers was considered in two-mode of flexural failure and also a flexural-shear failure. Along with the cyclic analysis, conventional analysis has been studied. Also, the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. The time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used to conduct IDA. After analysis, the base shear vs. displacement in the middle of the deck was drawn. The obtained results show that the cyclic pushover analysis method is able to evaluate an accurate seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete piers of the bridges. Based on the results, the cyclic pushover has proper convergence with IDA. Its accuracy was much higher than the conventional pushover, in which the bridge piers failed in flexural-shear mode. But, in the flexural failure mode, the results of each two pushover methods were close approximately. Besides, the cyclic pushover method with ACI loading protocol, and ATC-24 loading protocol, can provided more accurate results for evaluating the seismic investigation of the bridges, specially if the bridge piers are failed in flexural-shear failure mode.

Keywords

References

  1. AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE Code (2012), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Design Specification.
  2. Ahmadi, H.R., Mahdavi, N. and Bayat, M. (2020), "Applying adaptive pushover analysis to estimate incremental dynamic analysis curve", J. Earthq. Tsunami, 14(04), 2050016. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431120500165.
  3. Ahmadi, H.R., Namdari, N., Cao, M. and Bayat, M. (2019), "Seismic investigation of pushover methods for concrete piers of curved bridges in plan", Comput. Concrete, 23(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2019.23.1.001.
  4. Anastasopoulos, I., Kourkoulis, R., Gelagoti, F. and Papadopoulos, E. (2012), "Rocking response of SDOF systems on shallow improved sand: An experimental study", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 40, 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.04.006.
  5. ASCE STANDARD, ASCE/SEI 41-17 (2017), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784414859.
  6. Aviram, A., Mackie, K.R. and Stojadinovic, B. (2008), "Guidelines of nonlinear analysis of bridge structures in california", PEER Rep., August.
  7. Azadi Kakavand M.R. and Khan Mohammadi M. (2018), "Seismic fragility assessment of local and global failures in low-rise non-ductile existing RC buildings: Empirical Shear-Axial Modelling vs. ASCE/SEI 41 Approach", J. Comput. Eng. Phys. Model., 1(1), 38-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22115/CEPM.2018.114549.1008.
  8. Bayat, M., Daneshjoo, F. and Nistico, N. (2015), "A novel proficient and sufficient intensity measure for probabilistic analysis of skewed highway bridges", Struct. Eng. Mech., 55(6), 1177-1202. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.55.6.1177.
  9. Belkacem, M.A., Bechtoula, H., Bourahla, N. and Belkacem, A.A. (2019), "Effect of axial load and transverse reinforcements on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns", Front. Struct. Civil Eng., 13(4), 831-851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-018-0513-3.
  10. Berry, M.P. and Eberhard, M.O. (2005), "Practical performance model for bar buckling", J. Struct. Eng., 131(7), 1060-1070. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:7(1060).
  11. Caltrans. (2019), "Procedures in seismic analysis and design of bridge structures. Caltrans division of structures", California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, California.
  12. Chang, K.C., Sung, Y.C., Liu, K.Y., Wang, P.H., Lee, Z.K. and Lee, L.S. (2014), "Seismic performance of an existing bridge with scoured caisson foundation", Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib., 13(1), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-014-0245-x.
  13. Chopra, A.K. and Goel, R.K. (2002), "A modal pushover analysis procedure for estimating seismic demands for buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 561-582. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.144.
  14. Chou, C.C. and Chen, J.H. (2011), "Analytical model validation and influence of column bases for seismic responses of steel post-tensioned self-centering MRF systems", Eng. Struct., 33(9), 2628-2643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.05.011.
  15. Elgamal, A., Lu, J. and Mackie, K. (2014), "Opensees pushover and earthquake analysis of multi span bridges-User Manual", Report No. SSRP-14/03, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego.
  16. Elwood, K.J. (2004), "Modelling failures in existing reinforced concrete columns", Can. J. Civil Eng., 31(5), 846-859. https://doi.org/10.1139/l04-040.
  17. Elwood, K.J. and Eberhard, M.O. (2009), "Effective stiffness of reinforced concrete columns", ACI Struct. J., 106(4), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.14359/56613.
  18. Elwood, K.J. and Moehle, J.P. (2003), "Shake table tests and analytical studies on the gravity load collapse of reinforced concrete frames", Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER 2003/01.
  19. Elwood, K.J. and Moehle, J.P. (2005), "Drift capacity of reinforced concrete columns with light transverse reinforcement", Earthq. Spectra, 21(1), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1849774.
  20. Elwood, K.J., Matamoros, A.B., Wallace, J.W., Lehman, D.E., Heintz, J.A., Mitchell, A.D., Moore, M.A., Valley, M.T., Lowes, L.N., Comartin, C.D. and Moehle, J.P. (2007), "Update to ASCE/SEI 41 concrete provisionss", Earthq. Spectra, 23(3), 493-523. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2757714
  21. Eom, T.S., Kang, S.M., Park, H.G. and Kin, J.M. (2014), "Cyclic loading test for reinforced concrete columns with continuous rectangular and polygonal hoops", Eng. Struct., 67, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.023.
  22. Esaki, F. (1996), "Reinforcing effect of steel plate hoops on ductility of R/C square columns", Proceedings of the Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Mexico, Paper No. 199.
  23. Filiatrault, A., Wanitkorkul, A. and Constantinou, M. (2008), "Development and appraisal of a numerical cyclic loading protocol for quantifying building system performance", Technical Report MCEER-08-0013.
  24. Ghannoum, W.M. (2007), "Experimental and analytical dynamic collapse study of a reinforced concrete frame with light transverse reinforcements", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
  25. Ghodrati Amiri, G., Hamidi Jamnani, H. and Ahmadi, H.R. (2009), "The effect of analysis methods on the response of steel dual-system frame buildings for seismic retrofitting", Int. J. Eng., 22(4), 317-331.
  26. Gidaris, I. and Taflanidis, A.A. (2013), "Parsimonious modeling of hysteretic structural response in earthquake engineering: Calibration/validation and implementation in probabilistic risk assessment", Eng. Struct., 49, 1017-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.030.
  27. Goel, R.K. (2004), "Evaluation of nonlinear static procedures using strong-motion building records", 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 3213, Vancouver, Canada.
  28. Habibi, A., Saffari, H. and Izadpanah, M. (2019), "Optimal lateral load pattern for pushover analysis of building structures", Steel Compos. Struct., 32(1), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.32.1.067.
  29. Ko, Y.F. and Phung, C. (2014), "Nonlinear static cyclic pushover analysis for flexural failure of reinforced concrete bridge columns with combined damage mechanisms", Acta Mech., 225(2), 477-492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-013-0970-7.
  30. Krawinkler, H. and Seneviratna, G.D.P.K. (1998), "Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation", Eng. Struct., 20(4-6), 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00092-8.
  31. LeBorgne, M.R. and Ghannoum, W.M. (2012), "Modeling lateral strength degradation of reinforced concrete columns", 15th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., 1148, 1-10.
  32. LeBorgne, M.R. and Ghannoum, W.M. (2014), "Analytical element for simulating lateral-strength degradation in reinforced concrete columns and other frame members", J. Struct. Eng., 140(7), 04014038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000925.
  33. LeBorgne, M.R. and Ghannoum, W.M. (2014), "Calibrated analytical element for lateral-strength degradation of reinforced concrete columns", Eng. Struct., 81, 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.030.
  34. Liu, K.Y., Witarto, W. and Chang, K.C. (2015), "Composed analytical models for seismic assessment of reinforced concrete bridge columns", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 44(2), 265-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2470.
  35. Lynn, A., Moehle, J.P., Mahin, S.A. and Holmes, W. (1996), "Seismic evaluation of existing rainforced concretebuilding columns", Earthq. Spectra, 12(4), 715-739. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585907.
  36. Mahdavi, M., Mahdavi, H. and Ahmadi, H.R. (2010), "Evaluation of plastic hinge lengths in conventional pushover analysis method in comparison with nonlinear dynamic analysis", IV European Conference on Computational Mechanisms, Palais des Congrès, Paris, France.
  37. Mahdavi, N., Ahmadi, H.R. and Mahdavi, H. (2012), "A comparative study on conventional push-over analysis method and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) approach", Scientif. Res. Essay., 7(7), 751-773.
  38. Mo, Y.L. and Wang, S.J. (2000), "Seismic behavior of RC columns with various tie configurations", J. Struct. Eng., 126(10), 1122-1130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:10(1122).
  39. Nagasaka, T. (1982), "Effectiveness of steel fiber as web reinforcement in reinforced concrete columns", Japan Concrete Inst., Tokyo, Japan.
  40. Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (Nga) Project (2006), http://Peer.Berkeley.Edu\nga\ (Accessed 10 October 2006).
  41. Nicknam, A., Ahmadi, H.R. and Mahdavi, N. (2008), "A comparative study of the traditional performance and The incremental dynamic analysis approaches (IDA)", 14th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, China, Beijing.
  42. Oinam, R.M. and Sahoo, D.R. (2019), "Numerical evaluation of cyclic performance of damaged RC frames using passive devices", Lecture Notes, Civil Engineering, 687-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0365-4_58.
  43. Oinam, R.M., Sugumar, R. and Sahoo, D.R. (2017), "A comparative study of seismic performance of RC frames with masonry infills", Procedia Eng., 1784-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.12.220.
  44. OpenSees (2005), Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
  45. Panyakapo, P. (2014), "Cyclic pushover analysis procedure to estimate seismic demands for buildings", Eng. Struct., 66, 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.001.
  46. Prakash, S.S., Li, Q. and Belarbi, A. (2012), "Behavior of circular and square reinforced concrete bridge columns under combined loading including torsion", ACI Struct. J., 109(3), 317-327.
  47. Priestley, M.J.N., Verma, R. and Xiao, Y. (1994), "Seismic shear strength of reinforced concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng., 120(8), 2310-2329. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:8(2310).
  48. Purba, R. and Bruneau, M. (2015), "Experimental investigation of steel plate shear walls with in-span plastification along horizontal boundary elements", Eng. Struct., 97, 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.008.
  49. Rizwan, M., Ahmad, N., Naeem Khan, A., Qazi, S., Akbar, J. and Fahad, M. (2020), "Shake table investigations on code noncompliant reinforced concrete frames", Alex. Eng. J., 59(1), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.12.047.
  50. Sezen, H. and Moehle, J.P. (2004), "Shear strength model for lightly reinforced concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng., 130(11), 1692-1703. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1692).
  51. Sezen, H. and Setzler, E.J. (2008), "Reinforcement slip in reinforced concrete columns", ACI Struct. J., 105, 280-289.
  52. Shekouhi, N., Dick, D., Baechle, M.W., Kaeley, D.K., Goel, V.K., Serhan, H., ... & Shaw, D. (2020), "Clinically relevant finite element technique based protocol to evaluate growing rods for early onset scoliosis correction", JOR Spine, 3(3), e1119. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1119.
  53. Shin, S., Kim, J. and Ahn, J. (2010), "Transverse reinforcement of RC columns considering effective lateral confining reduction factor", J. Asian Arch. Build. Eng., 9(2), 501-508. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.9.501.
  54. Vahedi, S., Javadi, P. and Hosseini, M.H. (2019), "Seismic evaluation of a nonductile soft-first-story RC building retrofitted with steel-braced frames", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 33(6), 04019064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001325.
  55. Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C.A. (2004), "Applied incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Spectra, 20(2), 523-553. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1737737.
  56. Wehbe, N. (1998), "Confinement of rectangular bridge columns in moderate seismic areas", Earthq. Spectra, 14(2), 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586007
  57. Xu, Y.L., Zheng, Y. and Gu, Q. (2018), "Refined dynamic progressive collapse analysis of RC structures", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 16(3), 1293-1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0239-y
  58. Yavari, S. (2011), "Shaking table tests on the response of reinforced concrete frames with non-seismic detailing", The PhD Thesis, Civil Engineering, The university of British Columbia, Vancouver.
  59. Yavari, S., Elwood, K.J., Wu, C.L., Lin, S.H., Hwang, S.J. and Moehle, J.P. (2013), "Shaking table tests on reinforced concrete frames without seismic detailing", ACI Struct. J., 110(6), 1001-1011.
  60. Zhu, L., Elwood, K.J. and Haukaas, T. (2007), "Classification and seismic safety evaluation of existing reinforced concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng., 133(9), 1316-1330. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:9(1316)