Journal of Veterinary Science

  • 제22권1호
  • /
  • Pages.11.1-11.7
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 1229-845X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1976-555X(eISSN)
대한수의학회 (The Korean Society of Veterinary Science)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compounds, and sodium hypochlorite in eliminating vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus anthracis surrogate

  • Yim, Jin-Hyeok (KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Song, Kwang-Young (KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Kim, Hyunsook (Department of Food Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University) ;
  • Bae, Dongryeoul (KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Chon, Jung-Whan (KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Seo, Kun-Ho (KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University)
  • 투고 : 2020.08.05
  • 심사 : 2020.12.13
  • 발행 : 2021.01.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background: The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, an often-fatal infection in animals. Therefore, a rapid and reliable strategy to decontaminate areas, humans, and livestock from B. anthracis is very critical. Objectives: The aim of this study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers, which are commonly used in the food industry, to inhibit spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. Methods: We evaluated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and a QAC in inhibiting vegetative cells and spores of a B. anthracis surrogate. We treated a 0.1-mL vegetative cell culture or spore solution with 10 mL sanitizer. The samples were serially diluted and cultured. Results: We found that 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7), 1 ppm calcium hypochlorite, and 1 ppm QAC completely eliminated the cells in vegetative state. Exposure to 3,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7) and 300 ppm calcium hypochlorite significantly eliminated the bacterial spores; however, 50,000 ppm QAC could not eliminate all spores. Conclusions: Calcium hypochlorite and QAC showed better performance than sodium hypochlorite in completely eliminating vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. QAC was ineffective against spores of the B. anthracis surrogate. Among the three commercial disinfectants tested, calcium hypochlorite most effectively eliminated both B. anthracis vegetative cells and spores.

키워드

과제정보

This paper was supported by Konkuk University Researcher Fund in 2020.

참고문헌

  1. Atlas RM. Responding to the threat of bioterrorism: a microbial ecology perspective--the case of anthrax. Int Microbiol 2002;5:161-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-002-0084-x
  2. Canter DA, Gunning D, Rodgers P, O'connor L, Traunero C, Kempter CJ. Remediation of Bacillus anthracis contamination in the U.S. Department of Justice mail facility. Biosecur Bioterror 2005;3:119-127. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2005.3.119
  3. Chatuev BM, Peterson JW. Analysis of the sporicidal activity of chlorine dioxide disinfectant against Bacillus anthracis (Sterne strain). J Hosp Infect 2010;74:178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2009.09.017
  4. Buttner MP, Cruz P, Stetzenbach LD, Klima-Comba AK, Stevens VL, Cronin TD. Determination of the efficacy of two building decontamination strategies by surface sampling with culture and quantitative PCR analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:4740-4747. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.8.4740-4747.2004
  5. Hoque S, Farouk B, Haas CN. Development of artificial neural network based metamodels for inactivation of anthrax spores in ventilated spaces using computational fluid dynamics. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2011;61:968-982. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2011.599266
  6. Buhr TL, Young AA, Minter ZA, Wells CM, Shegogue DA. Decontamination of a hard surface contaminated with Bacillus anthracisΔSterne and B. anthracis Ames spores using electrochemically generated liquid-phase chlorine dioxide (eClO2). J Appl Microbiol 2011;111:1057-1064. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05122.x
  7. Wood JP, Archer J, Calfee MW, Serre S, Mickelsen L, Mikelonis A, et al. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus atrophaeus spores on different surfaces with ultraviolet light produced with a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp or light emitting diodes. J Appl Microbiol 2020. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1111/jam.14791.
  8. Majcher MR, Bernard KA, Sattar SA. Identification by quantitative carrier test of surrogate sporeforming bacteria to assess sporicidal chemicals for use against Bacillus anthracis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:676-681. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01715-07
  9. USEPA R.E.D. Facts - Sodium and calcium hypochlorite salts (738-F-91-108, Sep. 1991) [Internet]. Washington, D.C.; United States Environmental Protection Agency; https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/ chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_G-77_1-Sep-91.pdf. Accessed 2020 Feb 10.
  10. Rastogi VK, Wallace L, Smith LS, Ryan SP, Martin B. Quantitative method to determine sporicidal decontamination of building surfaces by gaseous fumigants, and issues related to laboratory-scale studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009;75:3688-3694. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02592-08
  11. Wood JP, Blair Martin G. Development and field testing of a mobile chlorine dioxide generation system for the decontamination of buildings contaminated with Bacillus anthracis. J Hazard Mater 2009;164:1460-1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.062
  12. Hilgren J, Swanson KM, Diez-Gonzalez F, Cords B. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores by liquid biocides in the presence of food residue. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:6370-6377. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00974-07
  13. Feliciano L, Li J, Lee J, Pascall MA. Efficacies of sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium sanitizers for reduction of norovirus and selected bacteria during ware-washing operations. PLoS One 2012;7:e50273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050273
  14. Frazer AC, Smyth JN, Bhupathiraju VK. Sporicidal efficacy of pH-adjusted bleach for control of bioburden on production facility surfaces. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013;40:601-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-013-1257-7
  15. Buchholz A, Matthews KR. Reduction of Salmonella on alfalfa seeds using peroxyacetic acid and a commercial seed washer is as effective as treatment with 20 000 ppm of Ca(OCl)2. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010;51:462-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02929.x
  16. Engelbrecht K, Ambrose D, Sifuentes L, Gerba C, Weart I, Koenig D. Decreased activity of commercially available disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds when exposed to cotton towels. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:908-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.017
  17. Furi L, Ciusa ML, Knight D, Di Lorenzo V, Tocci N, Cirasola D, et al. Evaluation of reduced susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds and bisbiguanides in clinical isolates and laboratory-generated mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:3488-3497. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00498-13
  18. Holdsworth SR, Law CJ. The major facilitator superfamily transporter MdtM contributes to the intrinsic resistance of Escherichia coli to quaternary ammonium compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:831-839. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks491
  19. Ryu JH, Beuchat LR. Biofilm formation and sporulation by Bacillus cereus on a stainless steel surface and subsequent resistance of vegetative cells and spores to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer. J Food Prot 2005;68:2614-2622. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.12.2614
  20. Celebi O, Buyuk F, Pottage T, Crook A, Hawkey S, Cooper C, et al. The Use of germinants to potentiate the sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis spores to peracetic acid. Front Microbiol 2016;7:18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00018
  21. Leggett MJ, Setlow P, Sattar SA, Maillard JY. Assessing the activity of microbicides against bacterial spores: knowledge and pitfalls. J Appl Microbiol 2016;120:1174-1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13061
  22. Beuchat LR, Pettigrew CA, Tremblay ME, Roselle BJ, Scouten AJ. Lethality of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a commercial fruit and vegetable sanitizer to vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Food Prot 2004;67:1702-1708. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-67.8.1702
  23. Hubbard H, Poppendieck D, Corsi RL. Chlorine dioxide reactions with indoor materials during building disinfection: surface uptake. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:1329-1335. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801930c
  24. Shams AM, O'Connell H, Arduino MJ, Rose LJ. Chlorine dioxide inactivation of bacterial threat agents. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011;53:225-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03095.x
  25. Sagripanti JL, Bonifacino A. Effects of salt and serum on the sporicidal activity of liquid disinfectants. J AOAC Int 1997;80:1198-1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.6.1198
  26. Rice EW, Adcock NJ, Sivaganesan M, Rose LJ. Inactivation of spores of Bacillus anthracis Sterne, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by chlorination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:5587-5589. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5587-5589.2005
  27. Rogers JV, Ducatte GR, Choi YW, Early PC. A preliminary assessment of Bacillus anthracis spore inactivation using an electrochemically activated solution (ECASOL). Lett Appl Microbiol 2006;43:482-488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.02002.x
  28. Galanina LA, Marchenko IV, Skvortsova EK, Kazanskaia TB, Bekhtereva MN. Effect of calcium hypochlorite on Bacillus anthracoides spores. Mikrobiologiia 1976;45:515-519.
  29. Gismondo MR, Drago L, Lombardi A, Fassina MC, Mombelli B. Antimicrobial and sporicidal efficacy of various disinfectant solutions. Minerva Med 1995;86:21-32.
  30. Fraise A. Currently available sporicides for use in healthcare, and their limitations. J Hosp Infect 2011;77:210-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.06.029
  31. Kratky M, Vinsova J. Antimycobacterial activity of quaternary pyridinium salts and pyridinium N-oxides--review. Curr Pharm Des 2013;19:1343-1355.