Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An investigation into energy harvesting and storage to power a more electric regional aircraft

  • Saleh, Ahmed (Centre for Engineering Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey) ;
  • Lekakou, Constantina (Centre for Engineering Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey) ;
  • Doherty, John (Centre for Aerodynamics and Environmental Flow, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey)
  • Received : 2019.12.28
  • Accepted : 2020.10.16
  • Published : 2021.01.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This is an investigation for a more electric regional aircraft, considering the ATR 72 aircraft as an example and the electrification of its four double slotted flaps, which were estimated to require an energy of 540 Wh for takeoff and 1780 Wh for landing, with a maximum power requirement of 35.6 kW during landing. An analysis and evaluation of three energy harvesting systems has been carried out, which led to the recommendation of a combination of a piezoelectric and a thermoelectric harvesting system providing 65% and 17%, respectively, of the required energy for the actuators of the four flaps. The remaining energy may be provided by a solar energy harvesting photovoltaic system, which was calculated to have a maximum capacity of 12.8 kWh at maximum solar irradiance. It was estimated that a supercapacitor of 232 kg could provide the energy storage and power required for the four flaps, which proved to be 59% of the required weight of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery while the supercapacitor also constitutes a safer option.

Keywords

References

  1. Andre, C., Vasilevskiy, D., Turenne, S. and Masut, R.A. (2009), "Extruded bismuth-telluride-based n-type alloys for waste heat thermoelectric recovery applications", J. Electron. Mater., 38(7), 1061-1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-009-0695-5.
  2. ATR (1999), ATR 72 Flight Crew Operating Manual, ATR Training Center.
  3. ATR (2010), ATR Systems: ATR Flight and Operation Services, ATR, Blagnac, France.
  4. Barai, A., Uddin, K., Chevalier, J., Chouchelamane, G.H., McGordon, A., Low, J. and Jennings, P. (2017), "Transportation safety of lithium iron phosphate batteries - a feasibility study of storing at very low states of charge", Sci Rep., 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05438-2.
  5. Fields, R., Lei, C., Markoulidis, F. and Lekakou C. (2016), "The composite supercapacitor", Energy Technol., 4(4), 517-525. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500328.
  6. Fu, H., Chen, G. and Bai, N. (2018), "Electrode coverage optimization for piezoelectric energy harvesting from tip excitation", Sensors, 18(3), 804, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030804.
  7. Hudson, O.A., Fanni, M., Ahmed, S.M. and Sameh, A. (2020), "Autonomous flight take-off in flapping wing aerial vehicles", J. Intell. Robot. Syst., 98(1), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-019-01003-3.
  8. ICAO (1996), ATR-72-200ATR - AT72 L2T M - Doc8643, https://doc8643.com.
  9. Islam, T., Alam, S., Rahman, T. and Hasan, M. (2015), "Power harvesting from aircraft body using piezoelectric material", Proceedings of the 10th Global Engineering, Science and Technology Conference, Dhaka, Bangladesh, January.
  10. Jensen, S.C., Jenney, G.D., Raymond, B. and Dawson, D. (2000), "Flight test experience with an electromechanical actuator on the F-18 systems research aircraft", Proceedings of the 19th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., October.
  11. Jux, B., Foitzik, S. and Doppelbauer, M. (2018), "A standard mission profile for hybrid-electric regional aircraft based on web flight data", Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Chennai, India, December.
  12. Kampouris, E.M., Papaspyrides, C.D. and Lekakou, C.N. (1987), "A model recovery process for scrap polystyrene foam by means of solvent systems", Conserv. Recycling, 10(4), 315-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(87)90062-2.
  13. Kampouris, E.M., Papaspyrides, C.D. and Lekakou, C.N. (1988), "A model process for the solvent recycling of polystyrene", Polym. Eng. Sci., 28(8), 534-537. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280808.
  14. Khalatkar, A., Gupta, V.K. and Agrawal, A. (2014) "Analytical, FEA, and experimental comparisons of piezoelectric energy harvesting using engine vibrations", Smart Mater. Res., 1-8. http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/741280.
  15. Kim, H.C., Fthenakis, V., Choi, J.K. and Turney, D.E. (2012), "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of thinfilm photovoltaic electricity generation", J. Industr. Ecol., 16(S1), S110-S121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00423.x.
  16. Lee, H.J., Zhang, S., Bar-Cohen, Y. and Sherrit, S. (2014), "High temperature, high power piezoelectric composite transducers", Sensors, 14(8), 14526-14552. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140814526.
  17. Lei, C. and Lekakou, C. (2013), "Activated carbon-carbon nanotube nanocomposite coatings for supercapacitor application", Surf. Coat. Tech., 232, 326-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.05.027.
  18. Lei, C., Fields, R., Wilson, P., Constantina Lekakou, C., Amini, N., Tennison, S., Perry, J., Gosso, M. and Martorana, B. (2020), "Development and evaluation of a composite supercapacitor-based 12 V transient start-stop (TSS) power system for vehicles: Modelling, design and fabrication scaling up", Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A J. Power Energy. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650920930166.
  19. Lekakou, C., Moudam, O., Markoulidis, F., Andrews, T., Watts, J.F. and Reed, G.T. (2011), "Carbon-based fibrous EDLC capacitors and supercapacitors", J. Nanotechnol., 409382. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/409382.
  20. Lim, S.S., Kim, B.K., Kim, S.K., Park, H.H., Kim, D.I., Hyun, D.B., Kim, J.S. and Baek. S.H. (2017), "A two-step synthesis process of thermoelectric alloys for the separate control of carrier density and mobility", J. Alloy. Compd., 727, 191-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.08.089.
  21. Matlock, J., Sharikov, P., Warwick, S., Richards, J. and Suleman, A. (2019), "Evaluation of energy efficient propulsion technologies for unmanned aerial vehicles", T. Can. Soc. Mech. Eng., 43(4), 481-489. https://doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2018-0231.
  22. Mineto, A.T., de Souza Braun, M.P., Navarro, H.A. and Varoto, P.S. (2010), "Modeling of a cantilever beam for piezoelectric energy harvesting", Proceedings of the DINCON2010, 9th Brazilian Conference on Dynamics, Control and their Applications, Serra Negra, Brazil, June.
  23. Moore, K.R. and Ning, A. (2019), "Takeoff and performance trade-offs of retrofit distributed electric propulsion for urban transport", J. Aircraft, 56(5), 1880-1892. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C035321.
  24. NASA (2014), Earth atmosphere model, https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/rocket/atmos.html.
  25. Nita, M.F. (2008), "Aircraft design studies based on the ATR 72", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany.
  26. Nitta, N., Wu, F., Lee, J.T. and Yushin, G. (2015), "Li-ion battery materials: Present and future", Mater. Today, 18(5), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040.
  27. Oumbe, A. and Wald, L. (2009), "A parameterisation of vertical profile of solar irradiance for correcting solar fluxes for changes in terrain elevation", Proceedings of the Earth Observation and Water Cycle Science Conference, Frascati, Italy, November.
  28. PI Ceramic (n.d.), Piezoelectric ceramic products datasheet, Catalogue CAT 125, PI Ceramic GmbH, https://www.piceramic.com/en/products/piezoelectric-materials/#c15163.
  29. Pope, J. and Lekakou, C. (2019), "Thermoelectric polymer composite yarns and an energy harvesting wearable textile", Smart Mater. Struct., 28(9), 095006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab1cc1.
  30. Qiao, G., Liu, G., Shi, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, S. and Lim, T.C. (2018), "A review of electromechanical actuators for More/All Electric aircraft systems", Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 232, 4128-4151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406217749869.
  31. Sirohi, J. and Chopra, I. (2000), "Fundamental understanding of piezoelectric strain sensors", J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 11(4), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1106/8BFB-GC8P-XQ47-YCQ0.
  32. Soderstrom, T., Haug, F.J., Terrazzoni-Daudrix, V. and Ballif, C. (2008), "Optimization of amorphous silicon thin film solar cells for flexible photovoltaics", J. Appl. Physics, 103(11), 114509. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2938839.
  33. Torenbeek, E. (1982), Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, Springer Science, 454.
  34. Trindade, M.A. and Benjeddou, A. (2009), "Effective electromechanical coupling coefficients of piezoelectric adaptive structures: Critical evaluation and optimization", Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 16(3), 210-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376490902746863.
  35. Trinklein, E.H., Cook, M.D., Parker, G.G. and Weaver, W.W. (2020), "Exergy optimal multi-physics aircraft microgrid control architecture", Int. J. Elec. Power Energy Syst., 114, 105403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105403.
  36. Vega-Garita, V., Hanif, A., Narayan, N., Ramirez-Elizondo, L. and Bauer, P. (2019), "Selecting a suitable battery technology for the photovoltaic battery integrated module", J. Power Sources, 438, 227011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227011.
  37. Vermisoglou, E.C., Giannakopoulou, T., Romanos, G., Giannouri, M., Boukos, N., Lei, C., Lekakou, C. and Trapalis, C. (2015a), "Effect of hydrothermal reaction time and alkaline conditions on the electrochemical properties of reduced graphene oxide", Appl. Surf. Sci. Part A, 358, 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.127.
  38. Vermisoglou, E.C., Giannakopoulou, T., Romanos, G.E., Boukos, N., Giannouri, M., Lei, C., Lekakou, C. and Trapalis, C. (2015b), "Non-activated high surface area expanded graphite oxide for supercapacitors", Appl. Surf. Sci. Part A, 358, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.123.
  39. Vermisoglou, E.C., Giannouri, M., Todorova, N., Giannakopoulou, T., Lekakou, C. and Trapalis, C. (2016), "Recycling of typical supercapacitor materials", Waste Manage. Res., 34(4), 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15625373.
  40. Voskuijl, M., van Bogaert, J. and Rao, A.G. (2018), "Analysis and design of hybrid electric regional turboprop aircraft", CEAS Aeronaut. J., 9(1), 15-25. https://doi.org /0.1007/s13272-017-0272-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-017-0272-1
  41. Xu, L., Liu, Y., Chen, B., Zhao, C. and Lu, K. (2013), "Enhancement in thermoelectric properties using a ptype and n-type thin-film device structure", Polym. Compos., 34(10), 1728-1734. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22576.