1. Introduction
The halal industry has now received the attention of many countries, including ones whose populations are predominantly Muslim and non-Muslim. Consumers of halal products are also growing along with the increase in Muslim population in the world. Currently halal products have become a sort of lifestyle because Muslim communities have become increasingly aware about consumption of halal food and products (Amijaya et al., 2019; Hamdan et al., 2013; Mutmainah, 2018). Halal food is not only limited to Muslim consumers, non-Muslim consumers have also started showing interest in halal products because these products are considered cleaner and healthier (Azam, 2016; Haque et al., 2015; Wilson & Liu, 2010). Positive responses from non-Muslim consumers to halal products has created a new market share which has been utilized by countries globally to develop the halal industry. (Wilkins et al., 2019). The Halal realm is not only limited to food but it covers a broader scope such as banking financial services, fashion, entertainment media and tourism as well as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Thomson Reuters, 2018).
One sector that attracts attention in the halal market is that of the halal cosmetics and as a result of this growing interest, the demand manufacturers in non-Muslim countries. This has resulted in a debate about the halal ingredients for halal cosmetics is projected to reach US $ 25 billion by 2025 (Thomson Reuters, 2018). Despite having a large market share, there are some Muslim consumers who are not aware with the fact that the term halal is also used for cosmetics (Hajipour et al., 2015). On the other hand, most cosmetics products are produced by non-Muslim which is used to make these cosmetics products. This situation has caused a distrust among Muslin consumers about global cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. As a result, the cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors have been the subject of many studies due to the suspicion that many international brands use enzymes extracted from pork or alcohol as preservatives (Mukhtar & Butt, 2012).
Previous studies have found that halal product users have a high level of loyalty towards halal brand (Ireland & Rajabzadeh, 2011; Wilson & Liu, 2010). Research by Shah Alam and Mohamed Sayuti (2011) has revealed that nonMuslim consumers buy halal products because they feel safer when they use halal products than when they use nonhalal products. In addition, non-Muslim consumers perceive halal logo as a guarantee of safe food products (Aziz & Chok, 2013). Previous researches in the field has been more about halal food products than other halal products. Research on halal cosmetic products has been carried out by Ireland, Ireland and Rajabzadeh (2011) and Mukhtar and Butt (2012) although it was smaller compared to research on halal food.
This study has tried to examine consumer perceptions of halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Research on halal pharmaceuticals is relatively few in number compared to those on food and cosmetics. In fact, studies which cover all the three halal products together has been rarely done. This study aimed to determine the effect of religiosity, knowledge and attitudes on consumer intentions to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in Indonesia. This research is expected to help food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical producers in Indonesia find strategies to increase market share among Muslims.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
TRA was developed to better understand the relationship among attitudes, intentions, and behavior (M. Fishbein, 1967). The theory covered intention to influence behavior and intention influenced by individual attitudes in behavior (M. Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). TRA has two elements; the first is attitude-determining behavior. The second element is called subjective norms or a person’s perception that whether most people who are important to him/her think that he or she should or should not conduct the behavior in question (M. Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). Thus, TRA not only measures an individual’s attitude towards an object but also explains the role of the reference group in forming and strengthening that attitude (Lada et al., 2009).
TRA is the most relevant theoretical model in predicting the buying behavior of halal products. Several studies using TRA have been conducted to predict consumer buying behavior, Amin (2013) conducted research using TRA for halal service cases through examining customer preferences for Islamic credit cards. Abd Rahman et al. (2015), Ahmad et al. (2015) and Putri et al. (2018) used TRA to find out the relationship among religiosity, knowledge and attitudes towards intention to consume halal food and cosmetics.
Based on some of the above mentioned studies, we wanted to modify the models developed by Abd Rahman et al. (2015), Ahmad et al. (2015) and Putri et al. (2018) to find out the relationship among religiosity, knowledge and attitudes towards consumer intentions to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in Indonesia. This study had four hypotheses that were formulated from literature review as follows:
2.2. Religiosity, Attitudes and Intention
Religiosity is defined as a doctrine of certain beliefs about divine power or interpreted as a person's relationship with tradition (Wong et al., 2006). Meanwhile Huber & Huber (2012) interpreted religiosity as one's beliefs about the existence of God and everything that is divine. When someone upholds the teachings of religion because of the development of emotions in the teachings that he believes, is interpreted as religious experience. It is this emotional development that brings individuals an understanding to differentiate between good attitudes and bad attitudes and choose the right one. Thus, religiosity can shape a person's attitudes and behavior (McDaniel & Burnett, 1990; Park & Park, 2019).
Religion has an important role in shaping people's decisions in choosing products or food to consume. Dindyal & Dindyal (2012), Musaiger (1993) and Jamal (2003) asserted that one of the most important factors affecting people's lives and beliefs is religion. Religion acts as a basic foundation on which one builds attitudes and behaviors (Essoo & Dibb, 2004; Mukhtar & Butt, 2012). According to Essoo & Dibb (2004), Jamal (2003) and Mullen et al. (2000) who revealed in the context of consumption theory that religious beliefs will direct one's attitudes and feelings in looking at a product such as food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products as well as financial services. Meanwhile according to Islamic teachings, Muslim consumption behavior is determined by the laws or rules contained in the Qur'an and Hadith.
Many empirical studies have proven that consumer attitudes and behavior are generally influenced by religion. Dindyal & Dindyal (2012) and Musaiger (1993) mentioned religion as an important factor in determining food purchasing decisions. A similar view was expressed by Pettinger et al. (2004) in their research they found that religion influences consumer behavior in consuming food. In other words, food choices and consumption patterns are influenced by religion (Mullen et al., 2000; Pollard et al., 1998; Shatenstein & Ghadirian, 1998). Schiffman & Kanuk (2004) also found that religious identity is a factor that significantly influences the purchase of halal food products. Muslims are required to consume halal food in accordance with the religious teachings (Bonne et al., 2007).The hypotheses in this study can be formulated as follows:
H1: Religiosity has a positive influence on attitudes to consume halal food.
H2: Religiosity has a positive influence on attitudes to consume halal cosmetics.
H3: Religiosity has a positive influence on attitudes to consume halal pharmaceuticals.
H4: Religiosity has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal food.
H5: Religiosity has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal cosmetics.
H6: Religiosity has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal pharmaceuticals.
2.3. Knowledge, Attitudes and Intention
Knowledge is an experience, feeling or fact that is known by a person or group of people Bang et al. (2000) and Shepherd & G. Towler (2007) in their research confirmed that knowledge influences intention through attitude, so increased knowledge will influence intention. In general, knowledge is defined as experience that refers to facts, feelings and awareness gained through learning. More specifically, knowledge is the expertise and skills acquired by a person through theoretical and practical understanding of a subject (Ahmat et al., 2011).
Several previous studies have found that knowledge about the food to be consumed has a positive effect on attitudes towards these foods (Aertsens et al., 2011; Stobbelaar et al., 2007; Putri et al., 2018)). However, not many studies have revealed the influence of knowledge on attitudes towards halal food. Hamdan et al. (2013) showed a weak relationship between knowledge of halal food and purchasing decisions. In contrast, Aziz & Chok (2013) found that knowledge about halal food positively influenced purchase intentions for non-Muslim consumers. Further, the hypotheses can be formulated as follows:
H7: Knowledge has a positive influence on attitudes to consume halal food.
H8: Knowledge has a positive influence on attitudes to consume halal cosmetics.
H9: Knowledge has a positive influence on attitudes to consume halal pharmaceuticals.
H10: Knowledge has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal food.
H11: Knowledge has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal cosmetics.
H12: Knowledge has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal pharmaceuticals.
2.4. Attitude and Intention
Shah Alam and Mohamed Sayuti (2011) in their research found a strong relationship between attitude and consumer intention to make a purchase. The same thing was expressed by Mukhtar & Butt (2012) who asserted that attitude has a significant influence on the intention to purchase halal food. Positive influence of attitude on intention to buy halal products was also expressed by Lada et al. (2009). Nguyen et al. (2019) in their research found that attitudes have a positive influence on the intention to buy organic cosmetics that are environmentally friendly. Meanwhile Awan (2015) stated that consumer attitudes are based on knowledge and trust about goods or commodities obtained from information gathering process which will further influence consumer goals and behavior.
In the context of social psychology, it is stated that attitude is the best predictor of an individual’s actions or behavior (Farhat et al., 2019). In addition, consumer attitude will determine consumer intention to purchase a product or service (Davis et al., 1989). In the context of family takaful, Farhat et al. (2019) found in their research that attitude is a determining factor in one’s intention to use family takaful. The hypotheses can be arranged as follows:
H13: Attitude has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal food.
H14: Attitude has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal cosmetics.
H15: Attitude has a positive influence on the intention to consume halal pharmaceuticals.
The research model of individual intention to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals can be illustrated as follows (see Figure 1):
Figure 1: Research model
3. Research Methods
3.1. Data Collection and Sample Method
Data was collected using online questionnaires via Google form. Invitation to survey respondents using various media, one of which was through the social media. In addition, respondents also participated in disseminating information so that many people participated in the survey. Based on 684 data samples used in this study, 73.98 percent of the respondents were female. Of the total sample, 56.73% of the respondents were under 20 years.
In terms of the educational background of the respondents, the majority were high school graduates and equivalent (76.02 percent) and the most of them were students (89.18 percent). In addition, the majority of these respondents had monthly expenditure below IDR 2,500,000 (89.33%). Meanwhile, 27.63% of the respondents lived in Central Java, 13.60% in Yogyakarta, 13.16% in West Java, 12.43% in East Java, 6.87% in Riau and the remaining (less than 3%) were from several other provinces (see Table 1).
Table 1: Composition of Sample Demography
3.2. Factor Loading and Data Validity
It can be seen in Table 2 that all the measuring devices in this study had a loading factor value> 0.60. This situation shows the variation of data on indicators in each latent construct varied quite widely. The reliability test showed that Cronbach’s Alpha (CA) in each construct was > 0.70. This means that all the constructs in this study were reliable or the respondents’ answers were consistent. Table 2 shows that the CA value for intention in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals was relatively higher compared to those for knowledge, religiosity and attitude. Composite reliability (RA) is a group of indicators that measure a variable, and a variable is said to have a good composite reliability if it has a composite reliability ≥ 0.7.
Table 2: Questionnaire Items and Data Validity
In addition, to determine whether the measuring instrument is valid or not, the researchers did other ways by looking at the value of each loading factor on each indicator. Next, it is shown in Table 2 that the average variance extracted (AVE) for each construct was well above the recommended value of 0.5. This shows that the value of AVE illustrates the magnitude of variance or diversity of manifest variables that can be possessed by the latent constructs of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (see Table 2).
3.3. Hypothesis Testing
Analysis of the structure of the model is done after the model meets the reliability and validity requirements. The most common tests performed to determine the fit model are: SRMR, d_ULS, d_G, Chi Square and Normative Fit Index (NFI). Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) is used as a measure of goodness of fit to avoid model specification errors (Henseler et al., 2014). SRMR is defined as the difference between observed and expected correlations in the model and is used as an absolute measure of suitable criteria. This model is considered goodness of fit when the SRMR value is less than 0.10 or 0.08 (Hu & Bentler, 1998). From the test results, it was found that the SRMR value for halal food products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products models was less than 0.08.
The fit model d_ULS (ie, Euclidean distance squared) and d_G (ie, geodesic distance) are bootstrap-based inferential statistical tests to measure the difference between empirical covariance matrices and implied covariance matrices in composite factor models (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015). The criterion for the fit model d_ULS and d_G is that the difference between the correlation matrix implied by the model and the empirical correlation matrix must be insignificant (p> 0.05). Conversely, if the difference is significant (p <0.05), the fit model is not met. From the measurements, it was concluded that the model fit was met because the d_ULS and d_G values for the halal food product, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products models were higher than 0.05 or not significant.
Normed Fit Index (NFI) is obtained by subtracting 1 by the value of Chi² from the proposed model divided by the value of Chi² from the zero model. NFI values range from 0 to 1. This model can be said to be a fit when the NFI value approaches 1 (Lomoller, 1989). Table 3 shows that the NFI values for halal food products, cosmetics and medicines are 0.895, 0.888 and 0.900 or close to 1 so that the three models can be accepted.
Table 3: Fit Model
3.4. Halal Food
Interpretation of the value of R2 is the same as interpretation of linear regression of R2 that is the magnitude of the variability of endogenous variables that can be explained by exogenous variables. According to Chin (1998) the R2 criteria consists of three classifications, namely: R2 values 0.67, 0.33 and 0.19 as substantial, moderate and weak. Changes in the value of R2 can be used to see whether the influence of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variables has substantive effects. The results of the data processing showed that R2 attitude was 0.131 while the intention was 0.438. These results indicated that the latent influence of exogenous religiosity and knowledge had a weak influence on the respondents’ attitudes in consuming halal food. Meanwhile the influence of religiosity and knowledge on the intention in consuming halal food was moderate. The findings revealed that attitudes toward halal food influenced the respondents’ intention in consuming halal food (QS = 0.018; p <0.05). Meanwhile knowledge influenced attitude (OS = 0.11; p <0.05) and intention (OS = 0.00; p <0.05). This means that these findings support H1, H2 and H3. Meanwhile, religiosity had a positive effect on attitude (OS = 0.00; p <0.05) and people’s intention in consuming halal food (OS = 0.039; p <0.05). This finding supports H4 and H5
3.5. Halal Cosmetics
The results of the data processing showed that the attitude R2 was 0.207 while the intention was 0.538. These results indicated that the latent influence of exogenous religiosity and knowledge had a moderate effect on the attitudes of the respondents in consuming halal food. Meanwhile the influence of religiosity and knowledge on the intention in consuming halal food was moderate. The results of the data processing showed that the attitude towards halal cosmetics had a positive effect on the respondents’ intention in using halal cosmetics (QS = 0.001; p <0.05). Meanwhile the respondents’ knowledge of halal cosmetics affected attitudes (OS = 0.000; p <0.05) and the respondents’ intention in using halal cosmetics (OS = 0.00; p <0.05). This means that these findings support H6, H7 and H8. In addition, the respondents’ religiosity had a positive effect on attitude (OS = 0.00; p <0.05) and the respondent’s intention in using halal cosmetics (OS = 0.031; p <0.05), meaning that these results support H9 and H10 (see Table 4).
Table 4: Hypothesis Test
3.6. Halal Pharmaceuticals
The results of the data processing on the halal pharmaceuticals model showed that R2 on the attitude of the respondents using halal pharmaceuticals was 0.137 while the intention in using halal pharmaceuticals was 0.598. These results indicated that religiosity and knowledge had a weak influence on the attitudes of the respondents in consuming halal food. Meanwhile the influence of religiosity and knowledge on the intention in using halal pharmaceuticals was moderate. The results of the processed data showed that the attitude towards halal pharmaceuticals had a positive effect on the respondents’ intention in using halal pharmaceuticals (QS = 0.09; p <0.05). The respondents’ knowledge of halal cosmetics affected attitudes (OS = 0.000; p <0.05) and the respondents’ intention in using halal pharmaceuticals (OS = 0.00; p <0.05). This means that these findings support H11, H12 and H13. Meanwhile, the respondents’ religiosity had a positive effect on attitude (OS = 0.00; p <0.05) and the respondents’ intention in using halal pharmaceuticals (OS = 0.029; p <0.05), meaning that these results support H14 and H15
Means and standard deviations were generated in this study to summarize the observed data, Means show a summary of the data while standard deviations indicate how well the Means represent the data (Field, 2009). From table 4, the Mean for the influence of attitude, religiosity and knowledge on the intention to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals are above the standard deviation value. The statistical Means that the halal products observed data are a good fit.
4. Discussion and Managerial Implication
This research showed that religiosity and knowledge have a positive effect on people’s intention in consuming halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The activities of people related to the Islamic religion such as reading Islamic books, seeing and listening to information about religious issues, affect people’s understanding of products that can be consumed (halal products) and ones that cannot be consumed (haram products) by Muslims. The study infers that increasing understanding of Islamic teachings will affect people’s decisions in consumption of an item. This view was reinforced by Shah Alam & Mohamed Sayuti (2011) who revealed that people who have a high level of religiosity use Islamic teachings as a source of reference in making the purchase decisions of a product. Besides, religious individuals are more responsible and mature, and adhere to religious teachings.
Based on the test results it is known that religiosity had more influence on people related to consumption of halal food compared to consumption of halal pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. This is relevant to the effect of religiosity on the attitudes to consume halal food which is higher than the attitude to consume pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. This shows that religiosity has an important role in influencing the community in making food-related decision (Musaiger, 1993). Religion can affect people’s behavior, especially in buying and consuming food (Bonne et al., 2007; Pettinger et al., 2004). Schiffman & Kanuk (2004) also found that religious identity is a significant factor in buying halal food products. Muslims have a fundamental reason in their religion to consume halal food (Bonne et al., 2007).
Religiosity has an important role in determining one’s intention to consume halal products. Based on the survey results, respondents are of the view that consuming halal products is an obligation. Besides, Islamic teachings strictly prohibit Muslims from consuming products that contain prohibited elements. Thus it can be said that consuming halal products for Muslims is not an option but a necessity that must be implemented. A person who is obedient to his religious teachings will have a high level of awareness and he or she will tend to avoid products that are prohibited. Therefore, some respondents consider religiosity as the biggest reason that drives them to consume halal products. This can be considered as a form of adherence to their religious teachings.
Furthermore Shahid et al. (2018) in their findings have confirmed that religiosity is the main motivation for a person to consume halal products, especially halal cosmetics products. Mukhtar & Butt (2012) also emphasized that religion plays an important role in determining the selection of halal products. There have been other findings as well which reveals the existence of a positive influence between religiosity and intention in consuming halal products, Pettinger et al. (2004), Shatenstein & Ghadirian (1998), Mullen et al. (2000) and Abd Rahman et al. (2015).
Knowledge influences the attitude and intention of people to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. This result is consistent with the research of Aziz & Chok (2013) who found that knowledge about halal food influences the intention of non-Muslims to consume halal foods. Likewise, the results of research by Bang et al. (2000) and Shepherd and G. Towler (2007) found that knowledge has an influence on consumer attitudes towards their intention to consume halal products. Therefore, an increase in knowledge will affect consumer’s intentions to be more careful in choosing the products which are consumed. Ahmad et al. (2015). This finding can explain that the knowledge of halal products influences consumer choices for halal products.
The effect of knowledge on the intention to consume halal pharmaceuticals is higher compared to cosmetics and halal food. This situation is due to the fact that individuals emphasize on safer habits in using cosmetics and pharmaceuticals products. Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals are objects of consumption that have a higher risk because it has direct physical and health consequences. Therefore, in selecting food and pharmaceuticals, someone usually needs a recommendation from a doctor or beautician. The extent of the influence of knowledge on consumption of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products can be seen from the effect of knowledge on individual attitudes. The effect of individual knowledge on individual attitudes to consume halal cosmetics is higher than that for pharmaceuticals and food. This situation is due to the fact that the majority of the respondents in this study were female so the influence of knowledge had more effect on attitudes in using cosmetics products. This finding also showed that attitude directly determines a person’s intention to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals products. These results are consistent with the research conducted by Abd Rahman et al. (2015), Khibran, (2019), Rajagopal et al. (2011) and Bonne et al. (2007), they concluded that there is a positive and significant relation between attitude and intention to purchase halal products such as halal food.
The results of the study revealed the influence of halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals products on consumer intention in consuming halal products. These results can be the basis for the managers of food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical companies to develop marketing strategies. They can combine the results of this research with the government’s strategy in developing halal products that are listed in the Islamic economic development master plan in Indonesia (Amijaya et al., 2019). The master plan mentions that the government encourages incentive programs for local and global players to invest in supporting the development of the halal industry chain, starting from raw materials, production, distribution and promotion (Vanany et al., 2019).
In addition, consumers could identify halal products through halal certification which can be seen in the form of a halal logo on food products, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. Halal certification will make consumers feel safer to consume a halalcertified product than products that are claims to be halal without any visible signs or certifications. Halal certification provides justification for consumers that their attitude to consume food, cosmetics and food is in accordance with Islamic regulations (Dubé et al., 2016). Company managers can collaborate with Halal Certification Agency (BPJPH) and the government that has the authority to issue halal certification. Cooperation with BPJPH is needed as an effort to minimize certification costs, to ease bureaucracy and accelerate the certification process (Hudaefi & Jaswir, 2019; Utomo et al., 2020).
Managers need to continuously promote halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Praswati & Prijanto (2017) The promotion strategy of the three halal products is not much different even though people pay more attention to halal pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the socialization model of halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products by visualization is not much different but the language used is different because the frequency of consumers consuming food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products is different. With the development of information technology, company managers can now use social media as a place for online promotion and endorse influencers to introduce halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products to consumers (Abd Rahman et al., 2015; Byun, 2018).
5. Conclusions and limitations
This research shows that the level of religiosity has a big influence on consumer intentions to consume halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, companies need to be involved in the efforts to improve community religiosity through ongoing activities to introduce and understand the importance of halal product for community. On the other hand, companies need to prioritize halal certification not only on production output in the form of ready-to-consume goods and services but also on production inputs and production processes. Therefore, companies’ cooperation with BPJPH is needed to build synergies in the business sector for producing halal products that are suitable for consumers.
This research also emphasizes the importance of knowledge of halal products to increase people’s intention in consuming halal food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. This shows that companies need to provide information that is delivered to be easily understood and approachable by the public. Social media is a place for companies to deliver information easily, quickly and cheaply through optimal utilization of videos, posters, text and so on.
This research has several limitations. First, the sample consisted of people who were from 27 provinces in Indonesia with 89% of them being students. It is recommended for future studies to use a sample which covers all the 34 provinces in Indonesia, with a more even age distribution starting from 18 years old until retirement age. Second, using the variables of religiosity, knowledge and attitude has not fully explained the impact of family and environment on individual intentions to consume halal products. It is recommended for future studies to include subjective norm or social influence variables in the model.
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