Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2019R1A5A2027521).
References
- Kandelman D, Petersen PE, Ueda H. Oral health, general health, and quality of life in older people. Spec Care Dentist 2008;28:224-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.2008.00045.x
- Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res 2012;91:914-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034512457373
- Holm-Pedersen P, Schultz-Larsen K, Christiansen N, Avlund K. Tooth loss and subsequent disability and mortality in old age. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:429-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01602.x
- Coll PP, Lindsay A, Meng J, Gopalakrishna A, Raghavendra S, Bysani P, et al. The prevention of infections in older adults: oral health. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020;68:411-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16154
- Wu B, Hybels C, Liang J, Landerman L, Plassman B. Social stratification and tooth loss among middleaged and older Americans from 1988 to 2004. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014;42:495-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12116
- Warren JJ, Watkins CA, Cowen HJ, Hand JS, Levy SM, Kuthy RA. Tooth loss in the very old: 13-15-year incidence among elderly Iowans. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:29-37. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.300105.x
- Yao SG, Fine JB. A review of vitamin D as it relates to periodontal disease. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2012;33:166-71.
- Khammissa RAG, Ballyram R, Jadwat Y, Fourie J, Lemmer J, Feller L. Vitamin D deficiency as it relates to oral immunity and chronic periodontitis. Int J Dent 2018;2018:7315797.
- Zhan Y, Samietz S, Holtfreter B, Hannemann A, Meisel P, Nauck M, et al. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and tooth loss. J Dent Res 2014;93:639-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034514534985
- Jimenez M, Giovannucci E, Krall Kaye E, Joshipura KJ, Dietrich T. Predicted vitamin D status and incidence of tooth loss and periodontitis. Public Health Nutr 2014;17:844-52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000177
- Pavlesen S, Mai X, Wactawski-Wende J, LaMonte MJ, Hovey KM, Genco RJ, et al. Vitamin D status and tooth loss in postmenopausal females: the Buffalo osteoporosis and periodontal disease (OsteoPerio) study. J Periodontol 2016;87:852-63. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2016.150733
- Abreu OJ, Tatakis DN, Elias-Boneta AR, Lopez Del Valle L, Hernandez R, Pousa MS, et al. Low vitamin D status strongly associated with periodontitis in Puerto Rican adults. BMC Oral Health 2016;16:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0288-7
- Ketharanathan V, Torgersen GR, Petrovski BE, Preus HR. Radiographic alveolar bone level and levels of serum 25-OH-vitamin D3 in ethnic Norwegian and Tamil periodontitis patients and their periodontally healthy controls. BMC Oral Health 2019;19:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0769-6
- Zuk AM, Quinonez CR, Saarela O, Demmer RT, Rosella LC. Joint effects of serum vitamin D insufficiency and periodontitis on insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2018;6:e000535. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000535
- Millen AE, Hovey KM, LaMonte MJ, Swanson M, Andrews CA, Kluczynski MA, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and periodontal disease in postmenopausal women. J Periodontol 2013;84:1243-56. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.120445
- Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:108-13.
- Dietrich T, Nunn M, Dawson-Hughes B, Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:575-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.3.575
- Krall EA, Wehler C, Garcia RI, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly. Am J Med 2001;111:452-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00899-3
- Lee HJ, Je DI, Won SJ, Paik DI, Bae KH. Association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status in current smokers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015;43:471-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12173
- Kweon SS, Shin MH, Jeong SK, Nam HS, Lee YH, Park KS, et al. Cohort profile: the Namwon study and the Dong-gu study. Int J Epidemiol 2014;43:558-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys244
- Hwang YC, Ahn HY, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Chung HY. Optimal serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for bone health in older Korean adults. Calcif Tissue Int 2013;92:68-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9669-3
- Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
- Page RC, Eke PI. Case definitions for use in population-based surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007;78:1387-99. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2007.060264
- Lehmann B, Meurer M. Vitamin D metabolism. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:2-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01286.x
- Amano Y, Komiyama K, Makishima M. Vitamin D and periodontal disease. J Oral Sci 2009;51:11-20. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.51.11
- Stein SH, Livada R, Tipton DA. Re-evaluating the role of vitamin D in the periodontium. J Periodontal Res 2014;49:545-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12149
- Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Zasloff M, Heaney RP. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9:107-18. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.9.1.107
- Zhou X, Han J, Song Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, oral health and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39:350-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01852.x
- Lips P, Hosking D, Lippuner K, Norquist JM, Wehren L, Maalouf G, et al. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy amongst women with osteoporosis: an international epidemiological investigation. J Intern Med 2006;260:245-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01685.x
- Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Optical serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for multiple health outcomes. In: Reichrath J, editor. Sunlight, vitamin D and skin cancer. New York (NY): Springer; 2008. p.55-71.
- Miley DD, Garcia MN, Hildebolt CF, Shannon WD, Couture RA, Anderson Spearie CL, et al. Crosssectional study of vitamin D and calcium supplementation effects on chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009;80:1433-9. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.090077
- Millen AE, Andrews CA, LaMonte MJ, Hovey KM, Swanson M, Genco RJ, et al. Vitamin D status and 5-year changes in periodontal disease measures among postmenopausal women: the Buffalo OsteoPerio study. J Periodontol 2014;85:1321-32. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2014.130686