Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Development of non-destructive testing method to evaluate the bond quality of reinforced concrete beam

  • Saleem, Muhammad (Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Almakhayitah, Abdulmalik Mohammed (Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University)
  • Received : 2019.07.06
  • Accepted : 2019.12.12
  • Published : 2020.05.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Non-destructive tests are commonly used in construction industry to access the quality and strength of concrete. However, till date there is no non-destructive testing method that can be adopted to evaluate the bond condition of reinforced concrete beams. In this regard, the presented research work details the use of ultra-sonic pulse velocity test method to evaluate the bond condition of reinforced concrete beam. A detailed experimental research was conducted by testing four identical reinforced concrete beam samples. The samples were loaded in equal increments till failure and ultra-sonic pulse velocity readings were recorded along the length of the beam element. It was observed from experimentation that as the cracks developed in the sample, the ultra-sonic wave velocity reduced for the same path length. This reduction in wave velocity was used to identify the initiation, development and propagation of internal micro-cracks along the length of reinforcement. Using the developed experimental methodology, researchers were able to identify weak spots in bond along the length of the specimen. The proposed method can be adopted by engineers to access the quality of bond for steel reinforcement in beam members. This allows engineers to carryout localized repairs thereby resulting in reduction of time, cost and labor needed for strengthening. Furthermore, the methodology to apply the proposed technique in real-world along with various challenges associated with its application have also been highlighted.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Previously: University of Dammam), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the financial support. The publication is part of the project funded by the DSR under the project ID 2018-078-Eng.

References

  1. ACI 228.2R-13. (2013), "Nondestructive test methods for evaluation of concrete in structures", American Concrete Institute Report, Farmington Hills, U.S.A.
  2. ASTM Test Designation C597-02 (2003), "Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA, 4(2),
  3. ASTM, (2019), "Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates" ASTM C33 / C33M - 18, West Conshohocken, PA, U.S.A.
  4. ASTM, (2019), "Standard Specification for Portland Cement" ASTM C150 / C150M - 17, West Conshohocken, PA, U.S.A.
  5. ASTM, (2019), "Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory" ASTM C192 / C192M - 18, West Conshohocken, PA, U.S.A.
  6. ASTM, (2019), "Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens" ASTM C39 / C39M - 18, West Conshohocken, PA, U.S.A.
  7. ASTM, (2019), "Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading)," ASTM C293-02, West Conshohocken, PA, U.S.A.
  8. BS 1881, Part 203 (1986), "Recommendations for Measurement of Velocity of Ultra-sonic Pulses in Concrete", British Standards Institution, London, United Kingdom.
  9. Bayran, E., Tekin, Y. and Gokhan, K. (2014), "Strength and ultra-sonic properties of cemented paste backfill", Ultrasonics, 54(1), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.04.013.
  10. Chao, W. T. (2015), "Local bond stress-slip behavior of reinforcing bars embedded in lightweight aggregate concrete", Comput. Concrete, 16(3), 449-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.3.449.
  11. Chang, P. and Flatau, S. (2003), "Review paper: health monitoring of civil infrastructure", Struct. Health Monitor., 2(3),257-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921703036169
  12. Euichul, H., Gyuyong, K., Gyeong, C., Minho, Y., Nenad, G. and Jeongsoo, N. (2018), "Evaluation of concrete degradation depending on heating conditions by ultra-sonic pulse velocity", Construct. Build. Mater., 171, 511-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.178.
  13. Hola, J., Schabowicz, K. (2010), "State-of-the-art non-destructive methods for diagnostic testing of building structures-anticipated development trends", Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 10(3), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60133-2.
  14. Ishibashi, T. and Tsukishima, D. (2009) "Seismic damage of and seismic rehabilitation techniques for railway reinforced concrete structures", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 7(3), 287-296. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.287.
  15. Ishibashi, T., Tsuyoshi, T. and Kobayashi, K. (2004) "Seismic retrofitting methods newly developed for railway concrete structures", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 2, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.2.65.
  16. Jones, R. and Facaoaru, I. (1969), "Recommendations for testing concrete by the ultra-sonic pulse method", Mater. Struct. Res. Testing (RILEM), 2(19), 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02475162.
  17. Kamaya, M. (2007) "Growth evaluation of multiple interacting surface cracks. Part II: Growth evaluation of parallel cracks", Eng. Fracture Mech., 1350-1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2007.07.014.
  18. Kamaya, M. (2003) "A crack growth evaluation method for interacting multiple cracks", JSME J., 46(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmea.46.15.
  19. Mutlib, N. K., Baharom, S. B., El-Shafie, A. and Nuawi, M. Z. (2016), "Ultra-sonic health monitoring in structural engineering: buildings and bridges", Struct. Control Health Monitor., 23, 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1800.
  20. Nishimura, A. (2004) "Damage analysis and seismic design of railway structures for Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake", J. Japan Assoc. Earthq. Eng., 1(3), 184-194. https://doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_184.
  21. Sharma S. and Mukherjee A. (2015), "Ultra-sonic guided waves for monitoring corrosion in submerged plates", Struct. Control Health Monitor., 22(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1657.
  22. Ongpeng, J.M., Oreta,A.W., Hirose,S. and Nakahata,K. (2017), "Nonlinear ultra-sonic investigation of concrete with varying aggregate size under uniaxial compression loading and unloading", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 29(2), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001726.
  23. Ohtsu, M., Uchida, M., Okamoto, T., Yuyama, S. (2002), "Damage assessment of reinforced concrete beams qualified by acoustic emission", Struct. J., 99(4), 411-417.
  24. Qasrawi, H.Y. and Marie, I.A. (2013), "The use of USPV to anticipate failure in concrete under compression", Cement Concrete Res., 33(12), 2017-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00218-7.
  25. Rehman, S. K. U., Ibrahim, Z., Memon, S. A. and Jameel, M. (2016), "Nondestructive test method for concrete bridges: A review", Construct. Build. Mater., 107, 58-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.011.
  26. Rens, K. L., Wipf, T. J., Klaiber, F. W., (1997), "Review of nondestructive evaluation techniques of civil infrastructure", J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 11(4), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1997)11:4(152).
  27. RILEM Recommendation NDT 1 (1972), Testing of Concrete by the Ultra-Sonic Pulse Method, RILEM Publications, Paris, France.
  28. Sharon, E., Gross, S.P. and Fineberg, J. (1995), "Local crack branching as a mechanism for instability in dynamic fracture", Physical Rev. Lett., 74(25), 5096-5099. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.5096.
  29. Shah,A.A., Ribakov,Y. (2008), "Non-linear Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete", Construct. Build. Technol. J., 2, 111-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836800802010111.
  30. Shah,A.A., Ribakov,Y. (2009), "Non-linear ultra-sonic evaluation of damaged concrete based on higher order harmonic generation", Mater. Design, 30, 4095-4102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.009.
  31. Saiidi, M.S., Zadeh, M.S., Ayoub, C. and Itani, A. (2007), "Pilot study of behavior of concrete beams reinforced with shape memory alloys", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 19(9), 454-461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:6(454).
  32. Saiidi, M.S. and Wand, H. (2006), "Exploratory study of seismic response of concrete columns with shape memory alloys reinforcement", ACI Struct. J., 103(3), 435-442.
  33. Saleem, M. (2017), "Study to detect bond degradation in reinforced concrete beams using ultra-sonic pulse velocity test method", Struct. Eng. Mech., 64(4), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.64.4.427.
  34. Saleem, M. (2018), "Evaluating the pull-out load capacity of steel bolt using Schmidt hammer and ultra-sonic pulse velocity test", Struct. Eng. Mech., 65(5), 601-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.65.5.601.
  35. Saleem, M. (2018), "Multiple Crack Extension Model of Steel Bolts for Concrete Subjected to Impact Loading", Construct. Build. Mater., 180, 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.275.
  36. Saleem, M. (2018), "Cyclic shear-lag model of steel bolt for concrete subjected to impact loading", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 30(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002204.
  37. Saleem, M., Al-Kutti, W., Al-Akhras, N. and Haider, H. (2016), "Non-Destructive Testing Method to Evaluate the Load Carrying Capacity of Concrete Anchors", J. Construct. Eng. Management, 142(5), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001105.
  38. Saleem, M., and Nasir, M. (2016), "Bond Evaluation of Concrete Bolts Subjected to Impact Loading", J. Mater. Struct., 49(9), 3635-3646. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0745-9, 2016.
  39. Saleem, M., and Tsubaki, T. (2010), "Multi-layer model for pull-out behavior of post-installed anchor", Proc., FRAMCOS-7, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, AEDIFICATIO, Germany, 2, 823-830.
  40. Tahar, H. D., Abdebasset, C. and Belkacem, A. (2016), "Interfacial stresses in RC beam Bonded with a functionally graded material plate", Struct. Eng. Mech., 60(4), 149-169. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.60.4.693.
  41. Tekin, Y., Bayran, E., Kadir, K. and Gokhan, K. (2014), "Assessment of strength properties of cemented paste backfill by ultra-sonic pulse velocity test", Ultrasonics, 54(5), 1386-1394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2014.02.012
  42. Tarun, R. N., Malhotra, M. V. and Popovics, S. J. (2004), The Ultra-sonic Pulse Velocity Method, CRC Press LLC, London, United Kingdom.
  43. Zongping, C., Jinjun, X., Liang, Y. and Yisheng, S. (2014), "Bond behaviors of shape steel embedded in recycled aggregate concrete and recycled aggregate concrete filled in steel tubes", Steel Compos Struct., 17(6), 347-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.6.929