Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회논문지)

The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Association between muscular strengths and gait characteristics of elderly people aged 65 to 74 and 75 and above

전·후기 노인의 근력과 보행 특성의 관계

  • Back, Chang-Yei (Department of Physical Education, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Joo, Ji-Yong (Department of Physical Education, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Young-Kwan (Department of Physical Education, Chonnam National University)
  • Received : 2019.12.16
  • Accepted : 2020.02.07
  • Published : 2020.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between muscular strengths and gait characteristics of the elderly. Totally, 107 subjects, aged 65 to 85 years, participated in this study. Researchers measured muscle strengths (grip force, toe grip force, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus forces) and walking characteristics (walking speed, cadence, step length, single leg support, and double legs support). Dynamometers and inertial measurement unit-based shoe systems were used for measuring muscular strength and gait characteristics, respectively. No significant difference was observed in strengths and walking characteristics between the young elders (YE, 65-74 years) and the old elders (OE, 75-85 years). For each age, muscular strength significantly correlated with some gait parameters. Forces of gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles showed better significant correlations between some gait parameters for all age groups, as compared to grip force and toe grip force. Regression coefficients between walking speed and grip force did not vary with age. We conclude that muscular strengths in OE better explained the gait characteristics than in YE subjects. Even though grip strength is an easily measured variable for senior fitness test, forces of gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles are more meaningful for understanding the walking characteristics of elderly people.

본 연구는 노인을 대상으로 상·하지 근력과 보행을 측정한 후 연령에 따른 차이와 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 2019년 6월~7월 사이 65세에서 85세 사이의 남녀 노인 107명이 측정을 끝까지 마쳤으며 기록된 근력(악력, 발가락력, 중둔근력, 대둔근력)과 보행 특성(보속, 보빈도, 보폭, 외발지지기, 양발지지기)으로 통계 분석을 실시하였다. 상·하지 근력은 악력기, 도수근력측정기, 발가락지력기로 측정하였고 관성센서 기반 보행 측정 신발 시스템으로 보행 자료를 획득하였다. 전기 노인(65~74세)과 후기 노인(75~85세) 사이에 근력과 보행 특성은 차이가 없었다. 전·후기 노인에서 악력, 발가락력, 중둔근력, 대둔근력이 일부 보행 특성과 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(p<.05). 중둔근력과 대둔근력이 두 연령대에서 보행 특성과 유의한 상관관계를 악력이나 발가락력보다 많이 보였다. 보속과 악력의 회귀계수는 전·후기 노인 간에 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 전기 노인보다 후기 노인에서 근력 요인들이 보행 특성을 더 잘 설명하였다. 또한, 악력은 노인 체력를 손쉽게 측정할 수 있는 변인이지만 보속을 포함한 보행 특성을 설명하는데 중둔근력과 대둔근력이 더 유용할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. G. T. Baker, G. R. Martin, "Biological aging and longevity: Underlying mechanisms and potential intervention strategies", Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, Vol.2, No.4, pp.304-328, April 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2.4.304
  2. W. J. Chodzko-Zajko, R. L. Ringel, "Physiological fitness measures and sensory and motor performance inaging", Experimental Gerontology, Vol.22, No.5, pp.317-328, March 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(87)90030-1
  3. S. Colcombe, A. F. Kramer, "Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta analytic study", Psychological Science, Vol.14, No.2, pp.125-130, Feb. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430
  4. Z. Milanovic, S. Pantelic, N. Trajkovic, G. Sporis, R Kostic, "Age-related decrease in physical activity and functional fitness among elderly men and women", Clinical Interventions in Aging, Vol.8, pp.549, May, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S44112
  5. T. Ikezoe, N. Mori, M. Nakamura, N. Ichihashi, "Age-related muscle atrophy in the lower extremities and daily physical activity in elderly women", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Vol.53, No.2, pp.153-157, Oct, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.08.003
  6. I. Hayashida, Y. Tanimoto, Y. Takahashi, T. Kusabiraki, J. Tamaki, "Correlation between muscle strength and muscle mass, and their association with walking speed, in community-dwelling elderly Japanese individuals", PloS One, Vol.9, No.11, pp.111810, Nov, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111810
  7. K. Y. Forrest, J. M. Zmuda, J. A. Cauley, "Patterns and determinants of muscle strength change with aging in older men", Aging Male, Vol.8, No.3/4, pp.151-156, Dec, 2005.
  8. K. Y. Forrest, J. M. Zmuda, J. A. Cauley, "Patterns and correlates of muscle strength loss in older women", Gerontology, Vol.53, No.3, pp.140-147, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000097979
  9. T. Ikezoe, M. Nakamura, H. Shima, Y. Asakawa, N. Ichihashi, "Association between walking ability and trunk and lower-limb muscle atrophy in institutionalized elderly women: a longitudinal pilot study. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, Vol.34, No.1, pp.31, Aug, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-015-0069-z
  10. J. E. Himann, D. A. Cunningham, P. A. Rechnitzer, D. H. Paterson, "Age-related changes in speed of walking", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol.20, No.2, pp.161-166, Apr, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198820020-00010
  11. M. J. Bendall, E. J. Bassey, M. B. Pearson, "Factors affecting walking speed of elderly people", Age and Ageing, Vol.18, No.5, pp.327-332, Sep, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/18.5.327
  12. T. Rantanen, J. Avela, "Leg extension power and walking speed in very old people living independently", The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol.52, NO.4, pp.225-231, Jul, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/52A.4.M225
  13. S. Fritz, M. Lusardi, "White paper: walking speed: the sixth vital sign", Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, Vol.32, No.2, pp.2-5, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200932020-00002
  14. M. Cesari, "Role of gait speed in the assessment of older patients", Jama, Vol.305, No.1, pp.93-94, Jan, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1970
  15. N. T. Townsend, T. N. Robinson, "Does walking speed predict postoperative morbidity?", Advances in Surgery, Vol.48, No.1, pp.53-64, Sep, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yasu.2014.05.013
  16. S. Studenski, S. Perera, K. Patel, C. Rosano, K. Faulkner, "Gait speed and survival in older adults", JAMA, Vol.305, No.1, pp.50-58, Jan, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923
  17. J. Verghese, R. Holtzer, R. B. Lipton, C. Wang, "Quantitative gait markers and incident fall risk in older adults", Journals of Gerontology, Vol.64A, No.8, pp.896-901. Aug, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp033
  18. P. J. Stevens, H. E. Syddall, H. P. Patel, H. J. Martin, C. Cooper, "Is grip strength a good marker of physical performance among community-dwelling older people?", The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, Vol.16, No.9, pp.769-774, Nov, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0388-2
  19. V. Gunasekaran, J. Banerjee, S. N. Dwivedi, A. D. Upadhyay, P. Chatterjee, "Normal gait speed, grip strength and thirty seconds chair stand test among older Indians", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Vol.67, pp.171-178, Dec, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2016.08.003
  20. T. Rantanen, J. M. Guralnik, D. Foley, K. Masaki, S. Leveille, "Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability", Jama, Vol.281, No.6, pp.558-560, Feb, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.6.558
  21. Y. A. Kim, J. Y. Kim, W. Y. So, S. H. Shin, H. S. Kim, "The Effects of Physical Character and Frailty by the Level of Grip Strength in Elderly Men", Korea Socirty for Wellness, Vol.13, No.1, pp.433-442, Feb, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21097/ksw.2018.02.13.1.433
  22. A. A. Sayer, T. B. Kirkwood, "Grip strength and mortality: a biomarker of ageing?", Lancet, Vol.386, No.9990, 226-227, May, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62349-7
  23. Y. Nofuji, S. Shinkai, Y. Taniguchi, H. Amano, M. Nishi, "Associations of walking speed, grip strength, and standing balance with total and cause-specific mortality in a general population of Japanese elders", Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Vol.17, No.2, pp.184-e1-184-e7. Feb, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.11.003
  24. K. A. Kim, S. K. Choi, "Relationship between body mass index and grip strength of elderly people aged 65 to 74 years and 75 to 84 years old", Vol.28, No.4, pp.937-944, Aug, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2019.08.28.4.937
  25. National Fitness Award, Physical fitness measurement items for the elderly (13 to 8 years old), Korea Sports Promotion Foundation (KSPO) Available From: http://nfa.kspo.or.kr/front/certify/cer0303_list.do#old (accessed Nov. Dec. 14, 2019)
  26. R. E. Rikli, C. J. Jones, Senior Fitness Test Manual, p.186, Human Kinetics, 2012.
  27. G. Cumming, "Inference by eye: reading the overlap of independent confidence intervals", Statistics in Medicine, Vol.28, No.2, pp.205-220, Nov, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3471
  28. R. T. Floyd, Manual of Structural Kinesiology, p.416, 2012.
  29. T. Ikezoe, N. Mori, M. Nakamura, N. Ichihashi, "Age-related muscle atrophy in the lower extremities and daily physical activity in elderly women", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Vol.53, No.2, pp.153-157, Oct, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.08.003
  30. M. Inacio, A. S. Ryan, W. N. Bair, M. Prettyman, B. A. Beamer, "Gluteal muscle composition differentiates fallers from non-fallers in community dwelling older adults", BMC Geriatrics, Vol.14, No.1, pp.37, Mar, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-37