References
- Cho JG, Lee A, Chang W, Lee MS, Kim J. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition represents a key link in the interaction between inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Front Immunol 2018;9.
- Lee A, Papangeli I, Park Y, Jeong HN, Choi J, Kang H, Jo HN, Kim J, Chun HJ. A PPARgamma-dependent miR-424/503-CD40 axis regulates inflammation mediated angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):2528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02852-4
- Kim J. MicroRNAs as critical regulators of the endothelial to mesenchymal transition in vascular biology. Bmb Rep 2018;51(2):65-72. https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2018.51.2.011
- Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EH. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017;219(1):22-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12646
- Sena CM, Pereira AM, Seica R. Endothelial dysfunction - a major mediator of diabetic vascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013;1832(12):2216-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.006
- Ghosh AK, Quaggin SE, Vaughan DE. Molecular basis of organ fibrosis: potential therapeutic approaches. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013;238(5):461-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370213489441
- Zeisberg EM, Potenta S, Xie L, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Discovery of endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a source for carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Research 2007;67(21):10123-8. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3127
- Good RB, Gilbane AJ, Trinder SL, Denton CP, Coghlan G, Abraham DJ, Holmes AM. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition contributes to endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Pathol 2015;185(7):1850-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.019
- Potenta S, Zeisberg E, Kalluri R. The role of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. Brit J Cancer 2008;99(9):1375-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604662
- Sanchez-Duffhues G, Orlova V, Ten Dijke P. In brief: endothelial-tomesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2016;238(3):378-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4653
- Chen PY, Simons M. When endothelial cells go rogue. Embo Mol Med 2016;8(1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201505943
- Perez L, Munoz-Durango N, Riedel CA, Echeverria C, Kalergis AM, Cabello-Verrugio C, Simon F. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: cytokinemediated pathways that determine endothelial fibrosis under inflammatory conditions. Cytokine Growth F R 2017;33:41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.09.002
- Yamaguchi N, Suzuki Y, Mahbub MH, Takahashi H, Hase R, Ishimaru Y, Sunagawa H, Watanabe R, Eishi Y, Tanabe T. The different roles of innate immune receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis between races. Environ Health Prev Med 2017;22(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0678-8
- Yan R, Liu Z. LRRK2 enhances Nod1/2-mediated inflammatory cytokine production by promoting Rip2 phosphorylation. Protein Cell 2017;8(1):55-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-016-0326-x
- Fernandez-Velasco M, Prieto P, Terron V, Benito G, Flores JM, Delgado C, Zaragoza C, Lavin B, Gomez-Parrizas M, Lopez-Collazo E, et al. NOD1 activation induces cardiac dysfunction and modulates cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. PLoS One 2012;7(9). e45260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045260
- Caruso R, Warner N, Inohara N, Nunez G. NOD1 and NOD2: signaling, host defense, and inflammatory disease. Immunity 2014;41(6):898-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.010
- Tao Z, Zhu C, Song W, Xu W, Zhang S, Liu H, Li H. Inductive expression of the NOD1 signalling pathway in chickens infected with Salmonella pullorum. Brit Poultry Sci 2017;58(3):242-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.1280771
- Kang H, Park Y, Lee A, Seo H, Kim MJ, Choi J, Jo HN, Jeong HN, Cho JG, Chang W, et al. Negative regulation of NOD1 mediated angiogenesis by PPAR gammaregulated miR-125a. Biochem Bioph Res Co 2017;482(1):28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.032
- Gasperini P, Espigol-Frigole G, McCormick PJ, Salvucci O, Maric D, Uldrick TS, Polizzotto MN, Yarchoan R, Tosato G. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through Notch-dependent signaling. Cancer Res 2012;72(5):1157-69. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3067
- Cheng F, Pekkonen P, Laurinavicius S, Sugiyama N, Henderson S, Gunther T, Rantanen V, Kaivanto E, Aavikko M, Sarek G, et al. KSHV-initiated notch activation leads to membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase-dependent lymphatic endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Host Microbe 2011;10(6):577-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.011
- Echeverria C, Montorfano I, Tapia P, Riedel C, Cabello-Verrugio C, Simon F. Endotoxin-induced endothelial fibrosis is dependent on expression of transforming growth factors beta 1 and beta 2. Infect Immun 2014;82(9):3678-86. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.02158-14
- Echeverria C, Montorfano I, Sarmiento D, Becerra A, Nunez-Villena F, Figueroa XF, Cabello-Verrugio C, Elorza AA, Riedel C, Simon F. Lipopolysaccharide induces a fibrotic-like phenotype in endothelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013;17(6):800-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12066
- Echeverria C, Montorfano I, Hermosilla T, Armisen R, Velasquez LA, Cabello-Verrugio C, Varela D, Simon F. Endotoxin induces fibrosis in vascular endothelial cells through a mechanism dependent on transient receptor protein melastatin 7 activity. PLoS One 2014;9(4). e94146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094146
- Mohanan P, Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC. Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions. J Ginseng Res 2018;42(2):123-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.008
- Li Y, Lu JY, Bai FR, Xiao YA, Guo YR, Dong ZM. Ginsenoside Rg3 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018.
- Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sato K, Saiki I, Tonooka S, Samukawa K, Azuma I. Inhibitory effect of tumor-metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)-Ginsenoside-Rg3 and 20(S)-Ginsenoside-Rg3, of redginseng. Biol Pharm Bull 1995;18(9):1197-202. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.1197
- Wang X, Chen L, Wang T, Jiang X, Zhang H, Li P, Lv B, Gao X. Ginsenoside Rg3 antagonizes adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity by improving endothelial dysfunction from oxidative stress via upregulating the Nrf2-ARE pathway through the activation of akt. Phytomedicine 2015;22(10):875-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.06.010
- Pan XY, Guo H, Han J, Hao F, An Y, Xu Y, Xiaokaiti Y, Pan Y, Li XJ. Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates cell migration via inhibition of aquaporin 1 expression in PC-3M prostate cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;683(1-3):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.040
- Kim JW, Jung SY, Kwon YH, Lee JH, Lee YM, Lee BY, Kwon SM. Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates tumor angiogenesis via inhibiting bioactivities of endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012;13(7):504-15. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.19599
- Keung MH, Chan LS, Kwok HH, Wong RNS, Yue PYK. Role of microRNA-520h in 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3-mediated angiosuppression. J Ginseng Res 2016;40(2):151-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.002
- Lee B, Sur B, Park J, Kim SH, Kwon S, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Ginsenoside Rg3 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory impairments by anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Biomol Ther 2013;21(5):381-90. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2013.053
- Zhang LP, Jiang YC, Yu XF, Xu HL, Li M, Zhao XZ, Sui DY. Ginsenoside Rg3 improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion via attenuating apoptosis and inflammation. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2016;2016.
- Shin YM, Jung HJ, Choi WY, Lim CJ. Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activities of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in cultured mammalian cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2013;40(1):269-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-2058-1
- Lee IS, Uh I, Kim KS, Kim KH, Park J, Kim Y, Jung JH, Jung HJ, Jang HJ. Antiinflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rg3 via NF-kappa B pathway in A549 cells and human asthmatic lung tissue. J Immunol Res 2016;2016.
- Xing W, Yang L, Peng Y, Wang QL, Gao M, Yang MS, Xiao XZ. Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates sepsis-induced injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in liver via AMPK-mediated autophagy flux. Bioscience Rep 2017;37.
- Zhou YD, Hou JG, Liu W, Ren S, Wang YP, Zhang R, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3, a rare saponin from red ginseng, ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/AKT pathwaymediated inflammation and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018;59:21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.030
- Kim ND, Kang SY, Park JH, Schini-Kerth VB. Ginsenoside Rg3 mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;367(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00898-X
- Kim ND, Kim EM, Kang KW, Cho MK, Choi SY, Kim SG. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrine-induced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol 2003;140(4):661-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705490
- Nagar H, Choi S, Jung SB, Jeon BH, Kim CS. Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng enhances blood pressure stability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Integr Med Res 2016;5(3):223-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2016.05.006
- Choi SH, Hong ZY, Nam JK, Lee HJ, Jang J, Yoo RJ, Lee YJ, Lee CY, Kim KH, Park S, et al. A hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(16):3716-26. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3193
- Mina SG, Wang W, Cao QF, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Shear stress magnitude and transforming growth factor-beta eta 1 regulate endothelial to mesenchymal transformation in a three-dimensional culture microfluidic device. Rsc Adv 2016;6(88):85457-67. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA16607E
- Liu DH, Chen YM, Liu Y, Hao BS, Zhou B, Wu L, Wang M, Chen L, Wu WK, Qian XX. Rb1 protects endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cell senescence by modulating redox status. Biol Pharm Bull 2011;34(7):1072-7. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.34.1072
- Kim MK, Lee SK, Park JH, Lee JH, Yun BH, Park JH, Seo SK, Cho S, Choi YS. Ginsenoside Rg3 decreases fibrotic and invasive nature of endometriosis by modulating miRNA-27b: in vitro and in vivo studies. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):17670. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17956-0
- Li J, Lu J, Ye Z, Han X, Zheng X, Hou H, Chen W, Li X, Zhao L. 20(S)-Rg3 blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition through DNMT3A/miR-145/FSCN1 in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2017;8(32):53375-86. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18482
- Wu B, Wang M, Ma Y, Yuan L, Lu S. High-throughput sequencing and characterization of the small RNA transcriptome reveal features of novel and conserved microRNAs in Panax ginseng. PLoS One 2012;7(9), e44385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044385
- Mathiyalagan R, Subramaniyam S, Natarajan S, Kim YJ, Sun MS, Kim SY, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Insilico profiling of microRNAs in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). J Ginseng Res 2013;37(2):227-47. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.227
- Papangeli I, Kim J, Maier I, Park S, Lee A, Kang YJ, Tanaka K, Khan OF, Ju H, Kojima Y, et al. MicroRNA 139-5p coordinates APLNR-CXCR4 crosstalk during vascular maturation. Nat Commun 2016;7.
- Li QG, Liang X, Wang YW, Meng XK, Xu Y, Cai SJ, Wang ZM, Liu JW, Cai GX. miR-139-5p inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by downregulating BCL2. Sci Rep-Uk 2016;6.
- Jiang C, Tong Z, Fang WL, Fu QB, Gu YJ, Lv TT, Liu DM, Xue W, Lv JW. Microrna-139-5p inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis in postmenopausal women with interstitial cystitis by targeting LPAR4 via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018;119(8):6429-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26610
- Kim BM, Kim DH, Park JH, Surh YJ, Na HK. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits constitutive activation of NF-kappaB signaling in human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells: ERK and akt as potential upstream targets. J Cancer Prev 2014;19(1):23-30. https://doi.org/10.15430/jcp.2014.19.1.23
- Kim SM, Lee SY, Yuk DY, Moon DC, Choi SS, Kim Y, Han SB, Oh KW, Hong JT. Inhibition of NF-kappaB by ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the susceptibility of colon cancer cells to docetaxel. Arch Pharm Res 2009;32(5):755-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-009-1515-4
- Maleszewska M, Moonen JR, Huijkman N, van de Sluis B, Krenning G, Harmsen MC. IL-1beta and TGFbeta2 synergistically induce endothelial to mesenchymal transition in an NFkappaB-dependent manner. Immunobiology 2013;218(4):443-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.026
- Arciniegas E, Carrillo LM, De Sanctis JB, Candelle D. Possible role of NFkappaB in the embryonic vascular remodeling and the endothelial mesenchymal transition process. Cell Adh Migr 2008;2(1):17-29. https://doi.org/10.4161/cam.2.1.5789
- Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:693-733. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132641
- Gatheral T, Reed DM, Moreno L, Gough PJ, Votta BJ, Sehon CA, Rickard DJ, Bertin J, Lim E, Nicholson AG, et al. A key role for the endothelium in NOD1 mediated vascular inflammation: comparison to TLR4 responses. PLoS One 2012;7(8), e42386. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042386
- Wang Z, Ding Q, Li Y, Liu Q, Wu W, Wu L, Yu H. Reanalysis of microRNA expression profiles identifies novel biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis. Tumour Biol 2016;37(11):14779-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5369-3
- Maoa R, Zou F, Yang L, Lin S, Li Y, Ma M, Yin P, Liang X, Liu J. The loss of MiR-139-5p promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis by mediating PI3K/AKT/Wnt signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015;69:153-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.008
- Zhang C. The role of inflammatory cytokines in endothelial dysfunction. Basic Res Cardiol 2008;103(5):398-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-008-0733-0
- Huang X, Pan L, Pu H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li C, Yang Z. Loss of caveolin-1 promotes endothelial-mesenchymal transition during sepsis: a membrane proteomic study. Int J Mol Med 2013;32(3):585-92. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1432
- Moreira LO, Zamboni DS. NOD1 and NOD2 signaling in infection and inflammation. Front Immunol 2012;3:328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00328
- Shang J, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Li Z, Duan Y, Wang L, Xiao J, Zhao Z. NOD2 promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of glomerular endothelial cells via MEK/ERK signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017;484(2):435-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.155
- Chen Y, Yuan T, Zhang H, Yan Y, Wang D, Fang L, Lu Y, Du G. Activation of Nrf2 attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling via inhibiting endothelial-tomesenchymal transition: an insight from a plant polyphenol. Int J Biol Sci 2017;13(8):1067-81. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.20316
- Kanasaki K, Shi S, Kanasaki M, He J, Nagai T, Nakamura Y, Ishigaki Y, Kitada M, Srivastava SP, Koya D. Linagliptin-mediated DPP-4 inhibition ameliorates kidney fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a therapeutic regimen. Diabetes 2014;63(6):2120-31. https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-1029
- Lee DC, Lau AS. Effects of Panax ginseng on tumor necrosis factoralpha-mediated inflammation: a mini-review. Molecules 2011;16(4):2802-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16042802
- Yuan Q, Jiang YW, Ma TT, Fang QH, Pan L. Attenuating effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 on LPS-induced lung injury in rats. J Inflamm (Lond). 2014;11(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-014-0040-5
- Zhang Y, Sun K, Liu YY, Zhang YP, Hu BH, Chang X, Yan L, Pan CS, Li Q, Fan JY, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced albumin leakage from rat mesenteric venules by intervening in both trans- and paracellular pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014;306(4):G289-300.
- Zhou W, Chai H, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen C. Ginsenoside Rb1 blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2005;41(5):861-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.01.054
- Hien TT, Kim ND, Kim HS, Kang KW. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells. Pharmazie 2010;65(9):699-701.
- Kang KS, Kim HY, Yamabe N, Park JH, Yokozawa T. Preventive effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 against lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic and renal injury in rats. Free Radic Res 2007;41(10):1181-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760701581740
- Jiang Y, Li M, Lu Z, Wang Y, Yu X, Sui D, Fu L. Ginsenoside Rg3 induces ginsenoside Rb1-comparable cardioprotective effects independent of reducing blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2017;14(5):4977-85.
- Qiu G, Lin Y, Zhang H, Wu D. miR-139-5p inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;463(3):315-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.062
- Shao Q, Zhang P, Ma Y, Lu Z, Meng J, Li H, Wang X, Chen D, Zhang M, Han Y, et al. MicroRNA-139-5p affects cisplatin sensitivity in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by regulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Gene 2018;652:48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.003
- Zou F, Mao R, Yang L, Lin S, Lei K, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Zhang P, Cai G, Liang X, et al. Targeted deletion of miR-139-5p activates MAPK, NF-kappaB and STAT3 signaling and promotes intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. FEBS J 2016;283(8):1438-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13678
Cited by
- Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Pulmonary Vascular Diseases vol.8, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8120639
- Ginsenoside Rg3 Prevents Oncogenic Long Noncoding RNA ATXN8OS from Inhibiting Tumor-Suppressive microRNA-424-5p in Breast Cancer Cells vol.11, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010118
- Ginsenoside from ginseng: a promising treatment for inflammatory bowel disease vol.73, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-020-00213-z
- Ginsenosides in vascular remodeling: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic action vol.169, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105647
- Caragana rosea Turcz Methanol Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/IRF3 Signaling Pathways vol.26, pp.21, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216660