DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

이야기는 사회인지능력을 향상시키는가? 작업기억과 관점채택 능력과의 관계

Does Story Enhance Social Cognitive Ability? Associations between Working Memory and Perspective Taking Ability

  • 안도현 (제주대학교 언론홍보학과)
  • 투고 : 2019.08.08
  • 심사 : 2019.09.18
  • 발행 : 2019.09.28

초록

이 연구는 작업기억과 사회인지능력 사이의 관계 및 이야기의 이용이 사회인지 능력에 미치는 영향을 탐구하고자 했다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 82명에 대해 작업기업(n-back)을 측정한 다음, 사회인지 부하로서의 지향성 수준(5차 지향성 대 3차 지향성)을 달리한 이야기 및 설명문 등 3개 집단에 무작위로 배치해 사회인지능력으로서 관점채택과 감정추론 정확성을 비교분석했다. 분석결과 관점채택은 작업기억과 유의한 정비례의 관계가 나타났다. 반면 감정추론은 작업기억과 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 실험집단별 차이는 연구가설과는 반대로 인지부하가 가장 높은 5차지향성 이야기집단의 관점채택이 인지부하가 낮은 3차지향성 이야기집단의 관점채택보다 유의하게 낮았다. 설명문 집단과는 2종의 이야기 집단 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. 감정추론은 3개 집단 사이에 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. 전체적으로 이 연구는 일관되지 않은 결과가 나타났는데, 이에 대한 이론 및 방법론적 의의에 대한 논의를 제시했다.

This study was to examine association between working memory and social cognitive ability, and the influence of story-use on social cognitive ability. To this end, this study measured working memory(via n-back), and randomly assigned 82 participants into three groups(5th level intentionality, 3rd-level intentionality, and exposition conditions), and then compared the accuracy of perspective taking and emotion recognition(RMET: Reading Minds in the Eyes Test) as social cognitive ability. The results suggested that perspective taking accuracy was significantly associated with working memory capacity, whereas emotion recognition accuracy was not. Contrary to the hypothesis, perspective taking in the 5th-level intentionality story group were significantly lower than those in the 3rd-level intentionality story group. Emotions recognition accuracy was not significantly different among the three groups. Overall, this study produced inconsistent results, which has been discussed in terms of theory and methods.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. R. A. Mar, K. Oatley, J. Hirsh, J. dela Paz, and J. B. Peterson, "Bookworms versus nerds: Exposure to fiction versus non-fiction, divergent associations with social ability, and the simulation of fictional social worlds," Journal of Research in Personality, Vol.40, No.5, pp.694-712, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.002
  2. R. A. Mar, K. Oatley, and J. B. Peterson, "Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes," Communications, Vol.34, No.4, pp.407-428, 2009.
  3. K. Fong, J. B. Mullin, and R. A. Mar, "What you read matters: The role of fiction genre in predicting interpersonal sensitivity," Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, Vol.7, No.4, pp.370-376, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034084
  4. D. C. Kidd and E. Castano, "Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind," Science, Vol.342, No.6156, pp.377-380, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239918
  5. J. Black and J. L. Barnes, "Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on theory of mind," Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, Vol.9, No.4, pp.423-429, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000031
  6. M. E. Panero, D. S. Weisberg, J. Black, T. R. Goldstein, J. L. Barnes, H. Brownell, and E. Winner, "Does reading a single passage of literary fiction really improve theory of mind? An attempt at replication," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.111, No.5, pp.e46-e54, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000064
  7. 안도현, "이야기의 단기적 이용이 타인초점 주의 방향에 미치는 영향," 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 제17권, 제12호, pp.169-179, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2017.17.12.169
  8. S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, J. Hill, Y. Raste, and I. Plumb, "The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high‐functioning autism," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol.42, No.2, pp.241-251, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00715
  9. R. Dunbar and S. Shultz, "Evolution in the social brain," Science, Vol.317, No.5843, pp.1344-1347, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145463
  10. D. C. Dennett, "Intentional systems," Journal of Philosophy, Vol.68, No.4, pp.87-106, 1971. https://doi.org/10.2307/2025382
  11. D. Premack and W. Woodruff, "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?," Behavioral and brain sciences, Vol.1, No.4, pp.515-526, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076512
  12. Z. W. Pylyshyn, "When is attribution of beliefs justified?[P&W]," Behavioral and brain sciences, Vol.1, No.4, pp.592-593, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076895
  13. S. Baron-Cohan, "Evolution of a theory of mind?" In M. Corballis, & S. Lea (Eds.), The descent of mind: psychological perspectives on hominid evolution(pp.261-277), New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2000
  14. M. Tomasello, M.Carpenter, J. Call, T. Behne, and H. Moll, "Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition." Behavioral and brain sciences, Vol.28, No.5, pp.675-691, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129
  15. H. Wimmer and J. Perner, "Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception," Cognition, Vol.13, No.1, pp.103-128, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5
  16. J. Stiller and R. I. Dunbar, "Perspective-taking and memory capacity predict social network size," Social Networks, Vol.29, No.1, pp.93-104, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2006.04.001
  17. C. Hughes, S. R. Jaffee, F. HappE, A. Taylor, A. Caspi, and T. E. Moffitt, "Origins of individual differences in theory of mind: from nature to nurture?," Child development, Vol.76, No.2, pp.356-370, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00850_a.x
  18. A. Baddeley, "Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies," Annual review of psychology, Vol.63. pp.1-29, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422
  19. R. A. Mar and K. Oatley, "The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience," Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol.3, No.3, pp.173-192, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x
  20. M. C. Green and T. C. Brock, "The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.79, No.5, pp.701-721, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
  21. R. Dunbar, "Why are good writers so rare? An evolutionary perspective on literature," Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, Vol.3, No.1, pp.7-21, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.1
  22. J. Carney, R. Wlodarski, and R. Dunbar, "Inference or enaction? The impact of genre on the narrative processing of other minds," PloS one, Vol.9, No.12, e114172, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114172
  23. S Jaeggi, et al. "The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure," Memory, Vol.18, No.4, pp.394-412, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211003702171
  24. M. L. Meyer and M. D. Lieberman, "Social Working Memory Training Improves Perspective-Taking Accuracy," Social Psychological and Personality Science, Vol.7, No.4, pp.381-389, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615624143
  25. 조경자, 박수진, 송인혜, 김혜리, "정서 상태와 얼굴표정간의 연결 능력의 발달," 감성과학, Vol.10, No.1, pp.127-133, 2007.
  26. R Core Team, "R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/, 2019.
  27. S. van Buuren and K. Groothuis-Oudshoorn, "mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R," Journal of Statistical Software, Vol.45, No.3, pp.1-67, 2011.
  28. 민승기, 이윤형, "외국어 어휘 학습에서 학습자 요인의 영향: 부적 정서와 작업기억," 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, Vol.14, No.1, pp.545-555, 2014.