정보화정책 (Informatization Policy)

한국지능정보사회진흥원 (National Information Society Agency)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

4차 산업혁명시대 인공지능 정책의사결정에 대한 탐색적 논의

A Preliminary Discussion on Policy Decision Making of AI in The Fourth Industrial Revolution

  • Seo, Hyung-Jun (Incheon Institute Urban Management Research Division)
  • 투고 : 2019.01.10
  • 심사 : 2019.03.05
  • 발행 : 2019.09.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

4차 산업혁명시대에 지능정보기술의 발전에 따라 인공지능의 다양한 역할이 주목을 받고 있다. 구글의 알파고를 계기로 인공지능은 더 이상 공상의 기술이 아닌 실존하는 기술이라는 점에서 사회전역에 파급효과를 가져올 것으로 예상되고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 공공부문에서 인공지능을 활용한 정책결정의 가능성과 쟁점에 대한 탐색적 논의를 진행하였다. 이에 따른 연구목적은 세 가지 측면으로 구분되며, 첫째, 공공부문에서 인공지능이 정책결정까지 이어질 수 있는지에 대한 검토이다. 둘째, 인공지능의 정책결정과정이 기존 정책결정과의 어떠한 차이를 가지는가이다. 셋째, 인공지능이 정책결정에 도입될 경우에 나오게 될 쟁점을 다루었다. 이러한 인공지능에 의한 정책결정이 기존의 정채결정과 구별되는 점은 많은 정보와 대안에 기반한 합리적 의사결정, 투명성 및 신뢰성의 제고, 정책이슈에 대한 객관적인 시각, 신속한 의사결정 등이다. 하지만 인공지능의 정책의사결정시 야기되는 쟁점 역시 존재 한다. 첫째는 인공지능의 우월성, 둘째 윤리성 논란, 셋째 책임성, 넷째 기존 민주주의의 변화, 다섯째 공공부문 인력의 대체 논쟁, 여섯째 인공지능에 필요한 데이터 활용의 문제점 등이다. 공공부문 정책의사결정에서 인공지능의 도입은 향후 실현될 것이기 때문에, 사회적 충격을 최소화하기 위해 그에 따른 순기능과 역기능에 대한 융합적인 접근이 필요하다.

In the fourth industrial revolution age, because of advance in the intelligence information technologies, the various roles of AI have attracted public attention. Starting with Google's Alphago, AI is now no longer a fantasized technology but a real one that can bring ripple effect in entire society. Already, AI has performed well in the medical service, legal service, and the private sector's business decision making. This study conducted an exploratory analysis on the possibilities and issues of AI-driven policy decision making in the public sector. The three research purposes are i) could AI make a policy decision in public sector?; ii) how different is AI-driven policy decision making compared to the existing methods of decision making?; and iii) what issues would be revealed by AI's policy decision making? AI-driven policy decision making is differentiated from the traditional ways of decision making in that the former is represented by rationality based on sufficient amount of information and alternatives, increased transparency and trust, more objective views for policy issues, and faster decision making process. However, there are several controversial issues regarding superiority of AI, ethics, accountability, changes in democracy, substitution of human labor in the public sector, and data usage problems for AI. Since the adoption of AI for policy decision making will be soon realized, it is necessary to take an integrative approach, considering both the positive and adverse effects, to minimize social impact.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Bae, Y., Meang, S. & Han, H. (2016). "Artificial intelligence that is expanding into reality." KEIT PD Issue Report. Daegu: Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology.
  2. Baek, S., Lim, G. & Yeo, D. (2016). "Exploring Social Impact of AI." Informatization Policy, 23(4), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.22693/NIAIP.2016.23.4.003
  3. Bellman, R. E. (1978). An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: Can Computers Think?. Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company.
  4. Eggers, D. W., Schatsky, D. & Viechnicki, P. (2017). AI-augmented government Using cognitive technologies to redesign public sector work. Deloitte university press.
  5. Charniak, E. & McDermott, D. (1985). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Wesley.
  6. Choi, G. (2016). "The Shock of Alpago: Possibilities and limitations of artificial intelligence." KISDI Premium Report. Sejong: Korea Information Society Development Institute.
  7. Chosunbiz (2016). "Artificial Intelligence judge predicts 80% of actual judgments." October 25.
  8. Chosunilbo (2018). "AI lawyer got a job at top 10 law firm." February 24.
  9. Davenport, T. H. & Kirby, J. (2015). "Beyond automation." Harvard Business Review, 93(6), 59-65.
  10. Gartner (2016). Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2017.
  11. Goertzel, B. (2016). Creating an AI Sociopolitical Decision Support System, ROBAMA: ROBotic Analysis of Multiple Agents)(an informal, rough "vision document") http://blockchainai.kr/client/news/newsView.asp?nBcate=F1012&nMcate=M1001&nScate=11&nIdx=31611&cpage=6&nType=1(Retrieved on May 5, 2018).
  12. GOVINSIDER (2017). "UAE appoints Minister for Artificial Intelligence." October 20.
  13. Hangukilbo (2016). "MS artificial intelligence Tey learned from hate speech." March 25.
  14. Haugeland, J. (Ed.) (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. MIT Press.
  15. Heo, P., Park, G., Park, W., Jo, G. & Lyu, W. (2013). "Domestic market and economic impact of the re-use of Public Sector Information." Electronics and Telecommunications Trends, 28(4), 118-131.
  16. Hwang, H. (2005). "The Effect of Contract Management Capability on Private Contracting Performance." Korean Public Administration Quarterly, 17(1), 1-37.
  17. Hwang, J. (2017). "Government in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: How artificial intelligence will change the government." IT & Future Strategy, 3. Daegu: Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology.
  18. Hyundai Research Institute (2014). "Promising industry trends and implications about artificial intelligence." VIP Report, 534. Seoul: Hyundai Research Institute.
  19. IBM (2017). "Artificial Intelligence: Potential Benefits and Ethical Considerations." Legal affairs. European parliament.
  20. Intel (2017). Artificial Intelligence The Public Policy Opportunity.
  21. Jang, J. & Jung, J. (2016). "Smart Factory Industry: Overture of the Internet Revolution." LG Business Insight, 5(4). Seoul: LG Economic Research Institute.
  22. Jang, J. (2017). "Legal service changed by artificial intelligence." A.I Plus. Daegu: National Information Society Agency.
  23. Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). "Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making." Business Horizons, 61, 577-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.007
  24. Jo, S., Kim, Y., Shin, S., Kim, Y., Kim, J. & Kim, M. (2016). A study on supporting management of evidence-based science and technology Policy in 2015. Seoul: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Evaluation and Planning.
  25. Joint ministry (2018). The 6th National informatization basic plan.
  26. Joongang daily (2018). "Artificial Intelligence (AI) Interview, AI could analyze facial expressions, voices, brain waves." March 11.
  27. Jung, C. (2015). Theories of e-Government 4th edition. Seoul: Seoul Economy and Business Management.
  28. Kang, C., Lee, J. & Lim, S. (2016). "Intelligent information technology that shook the human decision-making process." ICT Viewer. Daegu: National Information Society Agency.
  29. Kelly, K. (2017). "The AI Cargo Cult: The Myth of a Superhuman AI." Backchannel.
  30. Kim, J. (2018). "A General Consideration of the Issues of the Area on the Legal Controversy arising from the Emergence of Artificial Intelligence Robots." Legal Theory & Practice Review, 6(2), 225-263. https://doi.org/10.30833/ltpr.2018.05.6.2.225
  31. Kim. J. (2017). George Orwell's Nightmare: China's Social Credit System. Seoul: Asan Institute For Policy Studies.
  32. Kim, J. (2016). "Seeking strategic countermeasures against future social change in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution." KISTEP InI. Seoul: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Evaluation and Planning.
  33. Kim, S., Choi, B., Yang, H., Son, S., Jang, B. & Lee, J. (2017). "Technological Drivers and Industrial Impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution." Policy Study, 17(13). Sejong: Science & Technology Policy Institute.
  34. Kim, S. (2003). "A Search on Next Generation e-Government through Ubiquitous IT." Journal of the Korean Urban Management Association, 16(2), 101-124.
  35. Kim. Y. & Jeong. J. (2016). "Smart City Status and Development Direction." Issue and Point, 1236. Seoul: National Assembly Research Service
  36. Kim, Y. (2016). "Study on establishing data driven policy." Intelligence Study Series. Daegu: National Information Society Agency.
  37. Kurzweil, R. (1990). The Age of Intelligent Machines. MIT Press.
  38. Kwark, H., Jeon, S., Park, S. & Seok, W. (2016). "Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology and Policy Trends." ISSUE & FOCUS on IP. Korea Institute of Intellectual Property
  39. Kwon G. (2003). Public Management Information system. Seoul: Nanam
  40. Lawtimes (2017). "USA Court, Using AI Algorithm in Criminal Trial." May 2.
  41. Lee, D. (2016). "Analysis of Trends and Status of RoboAdvisor in Domestic and Overseas." e-Finance and Financial Security, volume 6, Youngin: Financial Security Institute.
  42. Lee, D. (2017). "Medical Innovation by Artificial Intelligence", Science & Technology Policy. Sejong: Science & Technology Policy Institute.
  43. Lee, J. & Kim, Y. (2014). "Industry 4.0 and manufacturing creative economy strategy." IT & Future Strategy, volume 2. Daegu: National Information Society Agency.
  44. Lee, J. (2015). "A method for establishing scientific policy based on data evidence." IT & Future Strategy, volume 1. Seoul: National Information Society Agency.
  45. Lee, S. (2017). "A study on the change of the driver in the self driving car according to the liability of the accident." New Trend of Criminal Law, 56, 69-105.
  46. Lee, Y., Shin, E. & Park, J. (2017). "Artificial intelligence ethics Issues Seen by Future Signal Detection Techniques." IT & Future Strategy , volume 1. Daegu: National Information Society Agency.
  47. Lim, S. (2016). "Artificial intelligence responsibility in Criminal law." Korean Criminal Review, 27(4), 69-91.
  48. Lyu, J. (2007). Policy Studies. Seoul: Daeyoungmunhwasa.
  49. Lyu, H., Kim, E. & Lee, S. (2017). "An empirical study on AI risk policies via AHP survey." Legislation and Policy, 9(3), 55-81.
  50. Mehr, H. (2017). Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government. Harvard Ash Center.
  51. Ministry of the Interior and Safety & Korean Association for Policy Studies (2012). Economic development experience modularization project: introduction of e-government system.
  52. Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2017). Intelligent government basic plan.
  53. Ministry of Science and ICT (2018). "Development of Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interaction Prediction System Using Artificial Intelligence Technology." April 16.
  54. Ministry of Trade Industry and Energy & Smart Factory Promotion Team (2016). 2016 Smart Factory Support Business Participation Company Best Practices.
  55. National Science and Technology Council (2016). Preparing for the future of artificial intelligence. Executive office of the president.
  56. Nilsson, N. J. (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann.
  57. Noh, H. (2003). Theories of Policy Science. Seoul: Pakyoungsa
  58. OECD (2017). Government at a Glance 2017.
  59. Ogburn, W. F. (1966). Social Change. NY: Dell(first published 1922).
  60. Park, J. (2007). "Evolution of e-government and Ubiquitous government." e-Government Focus. Seoul: National Information Society Agency.
  61. Parmnews (2017). "4th industrial revolution age, Job threats such as pharmaceutical robots." March 24.
  62. Poole, D., Mackworth, A. K. & Goebel, R. (1998). Computational intelligence: A logical approach. Oxford University Press.
  63. Premiumchosun (2016). "Robots could defeat social and political corruption." September 29.
  64. Rich, E. & Knight, K. (1991). Artificial Intelligence (Second edition). McGraw-Hill.
  65. Russell, S. J. & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach(Third edition). Prentice Hall.
  66. Sadilek, A., Kautz, H. A., DiPrete, L., Labus, B., Portman, E., Teitel, J. & Silenzio, V. (2016). Deploying nEmesis: Preventing Foodborne Illness by Data Mining Social Media. In AAAI: 3982-3989.
  67. Segyeilbo (2018). "AI in Japanese politics." April 10.
  68. Seo, H. (2017). "An Empirical Study on Open Government Data: Focusing on ODB and OUR Index." Informatization Policy, 24(1), 48-78. https://doi.org/10.22693/NIAIP.2017.24.1.048
  69. Seo, H. & Myeong, S. (2014). "Conflict Process and Policy Implications of NEIS Case using Frame Analysis." Informatization Policy, 21(3), 56-84. https://doi.org/10.22693/NIAIP.2014.21.3.056
  70. Shim, H. & Lee, H. (2018). "Domestic business model using AI (AI)." Trade focus, volume 3. Seoul: Institute for International Trade
  71. Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative Behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization. NY: Macmillan.
  72. Smith, C. (2006). The History of Artificial Intelligence. University of Washington.
  73. Sung, W. & Hwang, S. (2017). "A Review of Intelligent Society Studies: A look on the future of AI and policy issues." Informatization Policy, 24(2), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.22693/NIAIP.2017.24.2.003
  74. Thierer A., O'Sullivan A. & Russel R. (2017). "Artificial intelligence and public policy. Mercatus Research Paper." https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/thiererartificial-intelligence-policy-mr-mercatus-v1.pdf(Retrieved on February 1, 2019).
  75. Watson 2016 Foundation (2016). https://www.datadreamer.com/watson2016/(Retrieved on September 13, 2018)
  76. Winston, P. H. (1992). Artificial Intelligence (Third edition). Addison-Wesley.
  77. Watson 2016 Foundation (2016). https://www.datadreamer.com/watson2016/
  78. Yang, S., Lee, N., Kim, E., Park, S. & Shin, Y. (2017). A Study on the Effect of Smart Factory Introduction on Employment. Seoul: National Assembly Budget Office.
  79. Yonhapnews (2016). "AI Personnel Manager was born." August 25.
  80. 연합뉴스 (2018). "인공지능 의사 탄생? 안과질환 진단용 딥 마인드 개발." 2월 5일.
  81. Yoon, S., Lee, E. & Sung, W. (2018). "Types and Issues of Policy Decision Making Using Artificial Intelligence." Journal of Korean Association for Regional Information Society, 21(1), 31-59.