Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers (한국농공학회논문집)

The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers (한국농공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Estimation Methods of Nonpoint Pollutant Unit Load - Focus on Nonpoint Pollutant Unit Load in Paddy Field -

비점오염 발생 원단위 산정방법에 대한 고찰 - 논 비점오염 원단위를 중심으로 -

  • Choi, DongHo (Division of Climate Change and Agroecology, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA)) ;
  • Choi, Soon-Kun (Division of Climate Change and Agroecology, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA)) ;
  • Kim, Min-Kyeong (International Technology Cooperation Center (ITCC), Rural Development Administration (RDA)) ;
  • Hur, Seung-Oh (Division of Climate Change and Agroecology, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA)) ;
  • Hong, Sung Chang (Division of Climate Change and Agroecology, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA)) ;
  • Yeob, So-Jin (Division of Climate Change and Agroecology, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA)) ;
  • Yoon, KwangSik (Department of Rural and Bio-systems Engineering, Chonnam National University)
  • Received : 2019.03.06
  • Accepted : 2019.04.03
  • Published : 2019.05.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In order to preserve water environment, Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) is used to manage the total amount of pollutant from various sources, and the annual average load of source is calculated by the unit load method. Determination of the unit load requires reliable data accumulation and analysis based on a reasonable estimation method. In this study, we propose a revised unit load estimation method by analyzing the unit load calculation procedure of National Institute of Environment Research(NIER) method. Both methods were tested using observed runoff ratio and water quality data of rice paddy fields. The estimated values with the respective NIER and revised NIER methods were highly correlated each other. However, the Event Mean Concentration(EMC) and the runoff ratio considered in the NIER method appeared to be influenced by rainfall classes, and the difference in unit load increases as the runoff and EMC increase. The error can be further increased when the EMC and runoff ratio are changed according to changes in rainfall patterns by climate change and change of agricultural activities. Therefore, it is recommended to calculate unit load by applying the revised NIER method reflecting the non point pollution runoff characteristics for different rainfall classes.

Keywords

NGHHCI_2019_v61n3_15_f0001.png 이미지

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the study area and the locations of instruments for measurement of water balance(Choi et al., 2015)

NGHHCI_2019_v61n3_15_f0002.png 이미지

Fig. 3 The representative runoff ratio and EMCs by estimated NIER method

NGHHCI_2019_v61n3_15_f0003.png 이미지

Fig. 4 Unit load of water quality constituents determinated by NIER and r_NIER method and applied rainfall periods(rainfall period 1 : 1981-1990; rainfall period 2 : 1991-2000; rainfall period 3: 2001-2010)

NGHHCI_2019_v61n3_15_f0004.png 이미지

Fig. 2 (a) A comparison of NIER and r_NIER methods for BOD unit load. (b) Difference of BOD unit load (△ unit load = |NIER unit load - r_NIER unit load|) was affected by RMSE (root mean square error) of event mean concentration by rainfall level (EMCy) and (c) that of runoff ratio by rainfall level (Ry) but (d) was not affected by that of rainfall ratio by rainfall level

Table 1 The variation of rainfall and rainfall factor by rainfall application periods

NGHHCI_2019_v61n3_15_t0001.png 이미지

References

  1. An, K. G., and W. M. Yang, 2007. Water quality characteristics in Keum river watershed. Journal of the Limnology 40(1): 110-120.
  2. Ahn, S. R., M. J. Park, G. A. Park, and S. J. Kim, 2009. Assessing future climate change impact on hydrologic components of Gyeongsancheon watershed. Journal of Korean water Resources Association 42(1): 33-50. https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2009.42.1.33
  3. Chin, Y. M., S. W. Park, S. M. Kim, M. S. Kang, and M. G. Kang, 2002. Nutrient loads estimation at paddy using CREAM-PADDY model. Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 8(1): 60-68.
  4. Choi, S. K., 2019. APEX-paddy model development and climate change impact assessment for paddy rice. Ph.D. diss., Seoul National University.
  5. Choi, D. H., J. W. Jung, K. S. Yoon, W. J. Choi, S. H. Cho, J. A. Beom, and S. H. Yoo, 2015. Comparison of unit load from paddy field by various estimation methods. Journal of Environmental Impact Assesment 24(5): 407-419. doi./10.14249/eia.2015.24.5.407.
  6. Choi, K. S., J. Y. Moon, D. W. Kim, H. R. Byun, and R. H. Kripalani, 2010. The significant increase of summer rainfall occurring in Korea from 1998. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 102: 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0256-0
  7. Choi Y. E., M. G. Kim, Y. J. Kim, and C. Y. Park, 2011. Characteristics and changes of extreme precipitation events in the Republic of Korea, 1954-2010: their magnitude, frequency, and percent to total precipitation. Journal of climate Research 6(1): 45-58.
  8. Jeon, J. H., C. C. Yoon, K. W. Jung, and J. H. Jang, 2005. HSPF-paddy development for simulating pollutant loadings from paddy fields. Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 47(7): 57-66. doi:10.5389/KSAE.2005.47.7.057.
  9. Jeon, J. H., C. C. Yoon, H. S. Hwnag, and K. S. Yoon, 2003. Water quality model development for loading estimates from paddy field. Journal of the Limnology 36(3): 344-355.
  10. Jeung, S. J., B. S. Kim, and S. K. Chae, 2018. Impact assessment of climate change on disaster risk in North Korea based on RCP8.5 climate change scenario. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 38(6): 809-818. doi:10.12652/Ksce.2018.38.6.0809.
  11. Jin, S. H., J. W. Jung, K. S. Yoon, W. J. Choi, D. H. Choi, S. D. Kim, J. H. Kang, and Y. J. Choi, 2010. Probability distribution of BOD EMC from paddy fields. Journal of the Environmental Sciences 19(9): 1153-1159. doi:10.5322/JES.2010.19.9.1153.
  12. Jung, J. P., 2014. Estimation method of pollution sources and loads for management of total maximum daily load. Ph.D. Diss., Chonbuk National University.
  13. Jung, J. W., K. S. Yoon, W. J. Choi, W. Y. Choi, S. H. Joo, S. S. Lim, J. H. Kwak, S. H. Lee, D. H. Kim, and N. I. Chang, 2008. Improvement measures of pollutants unit-loads estimation for paddy fields. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 24(3): 291-296.
  14. Jung, J. W., D. H. Choi, and K. S. Yoon, 2014. Selecting probability distribution of event mean concentrations from paddy fields. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 23(4): 285-295. doi:/10.14249/eia.2014.23.4.285.
  15. Kang, S. A., and K. G. An, 2006. Spatio-temporal variation analysis of physico-chemical water quality in the Yeongsan River watershed. Journal of the Limnology 39(1): 73-84.
  16. Kim, T. W., and D. H. Park, 2018. Guidelines for extreme drought planning adaptation to climate change. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 66(7): 43-48.
  17. Kim, J. I., J. W. Choi, and K. G. An, 2014. Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in and urban Miho stream and some influences of the tributaries on the water quality. Journal of Environmental Science International 23(3): 433-445. doi:10.5322/JESL.2014.23.3.433.
  18. Kwon, H. G., S. H. Shin, G. S. Kim, Y. G. Kim, D. S. Shin, and T. H. Im, 2017. The calculation of NPS load per unit area in paddy fields to the Nakdong River basin. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 17(3): 409-419. doi:10.9798/KOSHAM.2017.17.3.409.
  19. Lee, J. B., J. Y. Lee, and J. S. Kim, 2017. SS and COD runoff from a rice field watershed during storm events in the growing and non-growing seasons. Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 59(2): 91-99. doi:10.5389/KSAE.2017.59.2.091.
  20. Lee, J. H., 2012. Estimation of pollutant sources in the unit watersheds of TMDLs, master's thesis, Chungju National University.
  21. Liu, H. W., T. J. Zhou, Y. X. Zhu, and Y. H. Lin, 2012. The strengthening ease asia summer moonsoon since the early 1990s. Chinese Science Bullentin 57: 1553-1558. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-4991-8.
  22. Ministry of Environment (MOE), 1995. Research on survey monitoring for non-point source discharge.
  23. Ministry of Environment (MOE), 2006. Water environment foundation plan.
  24. Moon, J. Y., C. Y. Park, and Y. E. Choi, 2011. Changes in the characteristics of summer rainfall caused by the regime shift in the republic of Korea. Journal of the Korean Geographical Society 46(3): 277-290. doi:10.14383/cri.2014.9.4.269.
  25. Moon, J. Y., Y. A. Kwon, Y. E. Choi, and I. H. Park, 2014. A study on the characteristics of summer rainfall over South Korea in recent 5 years. Journal of Climate research 9(4): 269-282. doi: 10.14383.cri.2014.9.4.269. https://doi.org/10.14383/cri.2014.9.4.269
  26. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 2005. Foreign total maximum daily load system: focus on America.
  27. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 2006. Evaluation of non-point sources loadings(1): impervious land. 1-78. 11-1480523-000134-01. Incheon, National Institute of Environmental Research.
  28. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 2007. Evaluation of non-point sources loadings(2): stormwater monitoring. 1-56. 11-1480523-000219-01. Incheon, National Institute of Environmental Research.
  29. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 2012. Rainfall-runoff survey methods.
  30. Park, M. H., H. R. Cho, and B. K. Koo, 2015. Nu evaluation of climate change effects on pollution loads of the Hwangryong River watershed in Korea. Journal of Korean Water Resources Association 48(3): 185-196. https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2015.48.3.185
  31. Relevant Ministerial Consortium, (2012). The 2nd comprehensive plan on nonpoint source management, 11-1480000-001222-01. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
  32. Ryu, J. C., Y. S. Park, M. D. Han, K. H. Ahn, D. H. Kum, K. J. Lim, and B. K. Park, 2014. Enhancement of land load estimation method in TMDLs for considering of climate change scenarios. Journal of the Korean Society on Water Environment 30(2): 212-219. https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.2.212
  33. Shin, E. S., J. Y. Choi, and D. H. Lee, 2001. Estimation of non-point source pollutant unit-loads in surface runoff considering land-use and basin characteristics. Journal of the Korean Society on Water Quality 17(2): 137-146.