Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers (한국농공학회논문집)

The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers (한국농공학회)
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Satellite-based Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) as an Indicator of Agricultural Drought in North Korea

Evaporative Stress Index (ESI)를 활용한 북한의 위성영상기반 농업가뭄 평가

  • Lee, Hee-Jin (Department of Bioresources and Rural Systems Engineering, Hankyong National University) ;
  • Nam, Won-Ho (Department of Bioresources and Rural Systems Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Environmental Science, Hankyong National University) ;
  • Yoon, Dong-Hyun (Department of Bioresources and Rural Systems Engineering, Hankyong National University) ;
  • Hong, Eun-Mi (School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kim, Dae-Eui (Rural Research Institute, Korea Rural Community Corporation) ;
  • Svoboda, Mark D. (National Drought Mitigation Center, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln) ;
  • Tadesse, Tsegaye (National Drought Mitigation Center, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln) ;
  • Wardlow, Brian D. (Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies (CALMIT), School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln)
  • Received : 2019.01.25
  • Accepted : 2019.03.05
  • Published : 2019.05.31
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Abstract

North Korea has frequently suffered from extreme agricultural crop droughts, which have led to food shortages, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The increasing frequency of extreme droughts, due to global warming and climate change, has increased the importance of enhancing the national capacity for drought management. Historically, a meteorological drought index based on data collected from weather stations has been widely used. But it has limitations in terms of the distribution of weather stations and the spatial pattern of drought impacts. Satellite-based data can be obtained with the same accuracy and at regular intervals, and is useful for long-term change analysis and environmental monitoring and wide area access in time and space. The Evaporative Stress Index (ESI), a satellite-based drought index using the ratio of potential and actual evaporation, is being used to detect drought response as a index of the droughts occurring rapidly over short periods of time. It is more accurate and provides faster analysis of drought conditions compared to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). In this study, we analyze drought events during 2015-2017 in North Korea using the ESI satellite-based drought index to determine drought response by comparing with it with the SPI and SPEI drought indices.

Keywords

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Fig. 1 Locations of meteorological stations in North Korea

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Fig. 2 Flow chart of the process for comparing the drought indices

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Fig. 3 The seasonal time-series ESI drought maps from April to September in 2015

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Fig. 4 The seasonal time-series ESI drought maps from April to September in 2017

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Fig. 5 The time-series ESI graph in regional drought in 2015

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Fig. 6 The time-series ESI graph in regional drought in 2017

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Fig. 7 The seasonal time-series drought maps from April 9 to September 17 in 2015 by the SPI 6, SPEI 6, and ESI

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Fig. 8 The seasonal time-series drought maps from April 9 to September 17 in 2017 by the SPI 6, SPEI 6, and ESI

Table 1 Drought severity classification of SPI and SPEI (Svoboda et al., 2002)

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Table 2 Monthly ESI mean value in each district in 2015

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Table 3 Monthly ESI mean value in each district in 2017

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Table 4 Monthly area ratio by drought severity categories from April to September in 2015 as determined by the SPI 6, SPEI 6, and ESI

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Table 5 Monthly area ratio by drought severity categories from April to September in 2017 as determined by the SPI 6, SPEI 6, and ESI

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