제주연안 식물플랑크톤 군집의 시공간적 변화

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Phytoplankton Community in the Coastal Waters of Jeju Island

Abstract

제주 연안 식물플랑크톤 군집의 시공간적 특성을 파악하기 위해 2015년 3월부터 2016년 2월까지 10개의 정점 0, 30 m 수심에서 수온, 염분, 용존산소 등 환경 요인과 현존량 및 출현종 등을 매월 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 제주 연안의 평균 수온은 0 m 13.7~25.9, 30 m $13.6{\sim}20.8^{\circ}C$의 범위로써 3월에 최소값, 8월에 최대값을 보였다. 평균 염분은 0 m 31.51~34.47, 30 m 33.03~34.47psu의 범위였으며, 7월에 최소값, 2월에 최대값을 보였다. 평균 용존산소는 0 m 6.12~8.10, 30 m $5.73{\sim}7.88mg\;L^{-1}$의 범위를 보였으며, 평균 Chl-a 량은 0 m 0.28~2.48, 30 m $0.44{\sim}1.01{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 범위를 보였고 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 연중 $5,300{\sim}639,900cells\;L^{-1}$ 범위로써 현존량은 전 정점에서 2월에 최소, 북부와 서부해역은7월, 남부와 동부해역은 8월에 최대를 보였다. 조사기간 중 출현한 총 종수는 362종으로써 규조류(Bacillariophyta) 181종, 와편모조류(Dinophyta) 147종, 그리고 기타 식물편모조류(phytoflagellates) 34종으로 구성되었다. 20%이상의 현존량 점유율 차지한 우점종을 계절별로 보면, 춘계(3월)와 추계(10월)에 Paralia sulcata와 Skeletonema costatum 두 종이었으며, 하계(8월)에는 Chaetoceros 속 6종류, 그리고 동계(12월)에는 Chaetoceros 속 2종류와 Thalassionema frauenfeldii가 우점하여, 각 우점종의 계절적 분포가 뚜렷하였다. 해역별 식물플랑크톤 군집 동태를 보면, 북부와 서부해역의 현존량 월변화가 비슷한 경향성을 보였으며, 남부와 동부해역이 유사한 경향성을 보였다. 이상의 종조성과 우점종의 천이는 이전 조사와 다른 특징을 보이고 있으며 이러한 식물플랑크톤 군집 동태 변화는 수온과 염분, 그리고 해류 등의 물리적 환경 변화에 기인된다고 생각된다.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of phytoplankton communities around the coastal waters of Jeju Island were investigated with environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Monthly samples were collected at 0 and 30 m depths of 10 stations from March 2015 to February 2016. During the survey period, water temperature ranged in 13.7~25.9 and $13.6{\sim}20.8^{\circ}C$ at 0 and 30 m, salinity in 31.51~34.47 and 33.03~34.47 psu at 0 and 30 m, and dissolved oxygen in 6.12~8.10 and $5.73{\sim}7.88mg\;L^{-1}$ at 0 and 30 m, respectively. Chlorophyll-a ranged in 0.28~2.48 and $0.44{\sim}1.01{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ at 0 and 30 m, respectively. Phytoplankton abundance fluctuated in the range of $5,300{\sim}639,900cells\;L^{-1}$ during the year, showing the lowest in February at all stations, and the highest in July at the northern and western sea as well as in August at the southern and eastern sea of Jeju Island. A total of 362 species were occurred including 181 spp. of Bacillariophyta, 147 spp. of Dinophyta and 34 spp. of other phytoflagellates. Dominant species with occupancy rate over 20 percent of phytoplankton abundance showed apparent seasonal succession such as Paralia sulcata and Skeletonema costatum in spring and autumn, 6 spp. of genus Chaetoceros in summer, and 2 spp. of genus Chaetoceros and Thalassionema frauenfeldii in winter. Monthly abundance in the northern and western sea fluctuated with similar tendency, and the southern and eastern sea also showed similar pattern of monthly abundance variation. Species composition and dominant species succession mentioned above were quite different from previous studies, so some physical changes such as water temperature, salinity and current pattern might cause the changes of phytoplankton assemblages around Jeju Island.

Fig. 1. Map showing sampling stations around Jeju Island.

Fig. 2. Monthly variation of mean water temperature (℃), mean salinity (psu) and mean dissolved oxygen (mg L^-1) of all stations at 0 and 30 m in Jeju coastal waters from Mar. 2015 to Feb. 2016.

Fig. 3. Monthly variation of mean chlorophyll-a (μg L^-1) and mean phytoplankton abundance (cells L^-1) of all stations at 0 and 30 m in Jeju coastal waters from Mar. 2015 to Feb. 2016.

Fig. 4. Species composition rate (%) of each phytoplankton taxa in Jeju coastal waters.

Fig. 5. Seasonal distribution of abundance occupancy rate (%) of each phytoplankton taxa in Jeju coastal waters.

Fig. 6. Monthly variation of phytoplankton abundance (cells L^-1) on four areas at 0 and 30 m in Jeju coastal waters.

Fig. 7. Seasonal distribution of abundance occupancy rate (%) of each phytoplankton taxa on the northern sea (St. 3) of Jeju Island.

Fig. 8. Seasonal distribution of abundance occupancy rate (%) of each phytoplankton taxa on the western sea (St. 6) of Jeju Island.

Fig. 9. Seasonal distribution of abundance occupancy rate (%) of each phytoplankton taxa on the southern sea (St. 8) of Jeju Island.

Fig. 10. Seasonal distribution of abundance occupancy rate (%) of each phytoplankton taxa on the eastern sea (St. 10) of Jeju Island.

Table 1. Geographic coordinate at sampling stations of Jeju coastal waters

Table 2. Seasonal variations of species diversity index (H') of phytoplankton during the study period

Table 3. Dominant species of phytoplankton in Jeju coastal waters during the study period (* > 10, ** > 20 percent of abundance occupancy rate)

Table 4. Pearson’s correlation matrix (r) between environmental variables and phytoplankton variables in the study area (**p<0.01, *p<0.05)