Fig. 1. Resistograph, where A is adapter sleeve, B is control unit, C is handle bar, and D is battery.
Fig. 2. Ring-width measurement method for Pinus densiflora using PD-tool pro, where w is the tree-ring width.
Fig. 3. Comparing the curves with needle speeds of (A) 1500 and (B) 2000 r/min.
Fig. 4. Resistograph profile of softwood and hardwood, where A is Abies holophylla and B is Zelkova serrata.
Fig. 6. Annual variations in the tree-ring widths measured by LINTAB system (dotted line) and resistograph (solid line) and the annual variations of latewood rate for Zelkova serrata.
Fig. 7. Annual variations in tree-ring widths measured by LINTAB system (dotted line) and resistograph (solid line) and the annual variations of latewood rate for Larix kaempferi.
Fig. 8. Cross-dating results after the removal of narrow rings (Zelkova serrata).
Fig. 5. Annual variations in the tree-ring widths measured by LINTAB system (dotted line) and resistograph (solid line) and the annual variations of latewood rate for Abies holophylla.
Table 1. Preliminary test to compare the number of tree rings determined by the resistograph with the number of tree rings determined by the traditional tree-ring measurement technique in dendrochronology for five different tree species
Table 2. Results of tree-ring analysis according to the feed speed of resistograph
Table 3. Measurement results of tree-ring widths between the two methods
Table 4. Differences of the number of tree rings between the two methods
Table 5. t-value matrix between LINTAB and resistograph
Table 6. Glk matrix between LINTAB and resistograph
References
- Bilgin, G., Adnan, G., Gokhan, K. 2012. Is Resistograph an Appropriate Tool for the Annual Ring Measurement of Pinus brutia?. NDE for safety / Defektoskopie 2012.
- Ceralid, C., Mormone, V., Ermolli, E.R. 2001. Resistographic Inspection of Ancient Structures for the Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics. Materials and structures 34(235): 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482201
- Denise, J., Gregory, M., Michael, T., Marc, N. 2010. The Measurement of Wood Decay in Landscape Trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(3): 121-127.
- Dujesiefken, D., Liese, W. 2006. Die wundrektionen von baumen- CODIT Heute. In: D. Dujesiefken, P. Kockerbeck (eds), Jahrbuch der Baumpflege 2006: 21-40. Thalacker Medien, Braunschweig.
- Eckstein, D., Sass, U. 1994. Bohrwiderstandsmessungen an Laubbaumen und ihre holzanatomische Interpretation. Holz als Rohund Werkstoff 52: 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02621413
- Fikret, I., Bailian, L. 2003. Rapid Assessment of Wood Density of Live Trees Using the Resistograph for Selection in Tree Improvement Programs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 2426-2435. https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-176
- Frank, R. 1994. Resistographic Visualization of Treering Density Variations. International Conference on Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity.
- Frank, R. 2012. Basics of Micro-resistance Drilling for Timber Inspection. Holztechnologie 53(3): 24-29.
- Frank, R. 2013. Detecting Fungal Decay in Palm Stems by Resistance Drilling. Florida arborist spring 2013.
- Frankenstein, C., Eckstein, D., Schmitt, U. 2005. The Onset of Cambium Activity - A Matter of Agreement?. Dendrochronologia 23(1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2005.07.007
- Gruber, F. 2000. Vergleichende Messergebnisse zur Identifizierung von Schadstellen im Fichtenholz (Picea abies L. Karst.) mit den Bohrmessgeaten Teredo, Resistograph 1410 und Impulshammer-Schallmesssystem. Allgemeine Forest und Jagdzeitung 172.
- Grunwald, C., Stabile, J., Waldman, J., Gross, R., Wirgin, I. 2002. Population Genetics of Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser Brevirostrum Based on Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Sequences. Molecular Ecology 11(10): 1885-1898. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01575.x
- Hwang, W.J., Kanetaka, S., Sasaki, T. 2008. Possibility of Deterioration Diagnosis for Wooden Structures using Resistograph. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology Conference Proceedings. pp. 71-72.
- IML Australia (C). 2013. IML Resistograph Testing Standard, Procedures & Audit. IML wood testing systems.
- Jeong, H.M., Kim, Y.J., Seo, J.W. 2017. Relationships between vessel-lumen-area time series of Quercus spp. at Mt. Songni and corresponding climatic factors. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 45(1): 72-84. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.1.72
- Jung, S.Y., Seo, M.S., Hong, J.Y., Kim, S.J., Jung A,M., Kim, J.S. 2014. Study on the Discoloration Identified from the Column of Wooden house, Hyunchungsa (Shrine) - Focused on Influence of Microorganisms and Correlation with Strength. Journal of National Cultural Properties Research Institute 47(4): 58-73.
- Lee, K.J. 2014. An introduction to forest science. Hyangmunsa Press, Seoul, Korea.
- Lukaszkiewicz, J., Kosmala, M., Chrapka, M., Borowski, J. 2005. Determining the Age of Streetside Tilia cordata trees with a DBH-BASED Model. Journal of Arboriculture 31(6): 280-284.
- Michael, S., Erin, M., Joseph M., Richard, G. 2003, Use and Calibration of the Resistograph for Analysis of Oak (Quercus sp.) Decay and Callus Formation Associated with Fire Scars. University of Missouri, Department of Forestry.
- Oh, J.A., Seo, J.W., Kim, B.R. 2017. Establishing Local Master Ring-Width Chronologies and Their Utilization for Estimating The Age of Big Old Trees. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 45(1): 85-95. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.1.85
- Saez, J.L., Corona, C., Berger, F. 2008. Use of Resistograph for Dendrogeomorphological Analysis of Avalanche Impacts (massif de l'Oisans, France). Geophysical Research Abstracts. Vol.10.
- Seo, J.W., Choi, E.B., Ju, J.D., Shin, C.S. 2017a. The association of intra-annual cambial activities of Pinus koraiensis and Chamaecyparis pisifera in Mt. Worak with climatic factors. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 45(1): 43-52. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.1.43
-
Seo, J.W., Jeong, H.M., Sano, M., Choi, E.B., Park, J.H., Lee, K.H., Kim, Y.J., Park, H.C. 2017b. Establishing tree ring
${\delta}$ 18O chronologies for principle tree species (T. cuspidata, P. koraiensis, A. koreana, Q. mongolica) at subalpine zone in Mt. Jiri National Park and their correlations with the corresponding climate. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 45(5): 661-670. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.5.661 - Shigo, A.L., Marx, H.G. 1977. Compartmentalization of decay in trees. USDA Forest Service Agriculture imformation Bulletin 405.
- Son, Y.M. 2007. Age measurement of trees. National Institute of Forest Science.
- Ukrainetz, N.K., O'Neill, G.A. 2010. An Analysis of Sensitivities Contributing Measurement Error to Resistograph Values. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 806-811. https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-019