Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Various Agricultural Products Collected from the Korean Market

  • Chang, Eun Jung (Hazardous Substance Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Park, Sung Hee (Hazardous Substance Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Lee, Kyung Jin (Imported Food Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Choe, Jee su (Imported Food Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Kim, Mee hye (Imported Food Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)
  • Received : 2018.05.30
  • Accepted : 2018.07.13
  • Published : 2018.08.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium as found in nine agricultural products (n = 578) sold in Korea, and to estimate the risk to human health that is summarily associated with their intake. The concentrations of Pb and Cd were measured using an ICP-MS after microwave digestion in this study. The average contents of Pb and Cd were measured as 0.014 and 0.017 mg/kg for barley, 0.006 and 0.005 mg/kg for mung bean, 0.008 and 0.007 mg/kg for kidney bean, 0.010 and 0.004 mg/kg for green bean, 0.008 and 0.001 mg/kg for pineapple, 0.016 and 0.002 mg/kg for apricot, 0.015 and 0.002 mg/kg for Japanese apricot, 0.021 and 0.002 mg/kg for plum and 0.019 and 0.003 mg/kg for jujube, respectively. The levels of Pb and Cd in the study samples were less than the maximum residual levels established by the European Union (EU), CODEX, and the Korea Food Code. As we have seen, the daily dietary exposures of Pb and Cd from these agricultural products for the general population were noted as 0.067% of PTWI ($25{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./week) and 0.28% of PTMI ($25{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./month), respectively. In line with the study conclusions, these results suggest that the current dietary intakes of Pb and Cd from these agricultural products in Korea have no appreciable risk effects on health for humans as noted in this experiment.

본 연구에서는 국내 유통 중인 농산물 9품목(n = 578)에 대한 납과 카드뮴 함량을 조사하고 이들의 섭취로 인한 위해성을 평가하고자 하였다. 납과 카드뮴의 함량은 마이크로웨이브 분해 후 ICP-MS로 분석하였다. 조사대상 농산물의 납 평균 함량은 각각 보리 0.014 mg/kg, 완두콩 0.010 mg/kg, 강낭콩 0.008 mg/kg, 녹두 0.006 mg/kg, 파인애플 0.008 mg/kg, 살구 0.016 mg/kg, 매실 0.015 mg/kg, 자두 0.021 mg/kg, 대추 0.019 mg/kg이었고, 카드뮴 평균함량은 보리 0.017 mg/kg, 완두콩 0.004 mg/kg, 강낭콩 0.007 mg/kg, 녹두 0.005 mg/kg, 파인애플 0.001 mg/kg, 살구 0.002 mg/kg, 매실 0.002 mg/kg, 자두 0.002 mg/kg, 대추 0.003 mg/kg이었다. 모든 시료의 납, 카드뮴 함량은 EU, CODEX 및 국내 기준보다 낮은 수준이었다. 조사 대상 농산물에 대한 납, 카드뮴의 인체노출량을 산출한 결과, 납은 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI, $25{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./week)의 0.067%, 카드뮴은 월간잠정섭취허용량(PTMI, $25{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./month)의 0.28%이었다. 이상의 결과는 조사 대상 농산물의 납, 카드뮴 오염도와 이들의 섭취에 의한 위해성이 모두 낮은 수준이라는 것을 보여준다.

Keywords

References

  1. Jarup L.: Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull., 68, 167-182 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
  2. Sathawara NG, Parikh DJ, Agarwal YK.: Essential heavy metals in environmental samples from western India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 73, 756-761 (2004).
  3. Zhang ZW, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M.: Lead and cadmium contents in cereals and pulses in north-eastern China. Sci. Total Environ., 220, 137-145 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00252-6
  4. World Health Organization (WHO): Lead. In: Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Fifty-third Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Food Additives Series No.44. WHO, Geneva 27, Switzerland (2000).
  5. Oymak T, Tokalioglu S, Yilmaz V, Kartal S, Aydin D.: Determination of lead and cadmium in food samples by the coprecipitation method. Food Chem. 113, 1314-1317 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.064
  6. Meyer PA, Brown MJ, Falk H.: Global approach to reducing lead exposure and poisoning. Mutat. Res. 659, 166-175 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.03.003
  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Cadmium and cadmium compounds. In: Beryllium, cadmium, mercury and exposure in glass manufacturing industry. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 58. IARC, Lyon, France (1993).
  8. Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D.: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology 192, 95-117 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6
  9. Baxter JC, Barry B, Johnson DE, Kienholz EW.: Heavy metal retention in cattle tissues from ingestion of sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 11, 616-620 (1982).
  10. Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J.: Cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in rice and rice field soil from southern Catalonia, Spain. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53, 54-60 (1994).
  11. Kelly J, Thornton I, Simpson PR.: Urban geochemistry: A study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and nonindustrial areas of Britain. Appl. Geochem. 11, 363-370 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00084-4
  12. Maleki A, Zarasvand MA.: Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 39, 335- 340 (2008).
  13. Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez CM.: Lead and cadmium contamination on dairy products and its repercussion on dietary intake. J. Agri. Food Chem. 43, 1605-1609 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00054a035
  14. Herreros MA, Inigo-Nunez S, Sanchez-Perez E, Encinas T, Gonzales-Bulnes A.: Contribution of fish consumption to heavy metals exposure in women of childbearing age from a Mediterranean country (Spain). Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 1591-1595 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.024
  15. Adams SV, Necomb PA, Shafer MM, Atkinson C, Bowles EA, Newton KM, Lampe JW.: Sources of cadmium exposure among healthy premenopausal women. Sci. Total Environ. 409, 1632-1637 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.037
  16. Noel L, Chafey C, Testu C, Pinte J, Velge P, Cuerin T.: Contamination levels of lead, cadmium and mercury in imported and domestic lobsters and large crab species consumed in France: Differences between white and brown meat. J. Food Compos. Anal. 24, 368-375 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.08.011
  17. Radwan MA, Salama AK.: Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44, 1273-1278 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.02.004
  18. Francesconi KA.: Toxic metal species and food regulationsmaking a healthy choice. Analyst 132, 17-20 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1039/B610544K
  19. European Food Safety Agency (EFSA): Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to cadmium as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J. 2, 1-24 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.1
  20. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series 52, 505-623 (2004).
  21. European Food Safety Agency (EFSA): Scientific opinion on cadmium in food: EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J. 7, 1-139 (2009).
  22. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series 64, 305-380 (2011).
  23. Lee H, Cho Y, Park S, Kye S, Kim B, Hahm T, Kim M, Lee JO, Kim C.: Dietary exposure of the Korean population to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. J. Food Compos. Anal. 19, S31-S37 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.10.006
  24. Kim M, Wolt JD.: Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary cadmium in the South Korean population. Food Addit. Contam. A. 28, 62-70 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.529620
  25. Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Ministry of Health and Welfare (KHIDI/ MOHW): Report on National Health and Nutrition Survey: Dietary Intake Survey (2008).
  26. Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM.: Atmospheric depositions of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) in Varanasi city, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 142, 269-278 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9924-7
  27. Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM.: Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47, 583- 591 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.016
  28. Larsen EH, Andersen NL, Moller A, Petersen A, Mortensen GK.: Monitoring the content and intake of trace elements from food in Denmark. Food Addit. Contam. 19, 33-46 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030110087447
  29. Becker W, Jorhem L, Sundström B, Petersson GK.: Contents of mineral elements in Swedish market basket diets. J. Food Compos. Anal. 24, 279-287 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.10.001
  30. Kim JY, Choi NG, Yoo JH, Lee JH, Lee YG, Jo KK, Lee CH, Hong SM, Im GJ, Hong MK, Kim WI.: Monitoring and risk assessment of cadmium and lead in agricultural products. Korean J. Environ. Agric. 30, 330-338 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2011.30.3.330
  31. Kim M, Wolt JD.: Cadmium exposure in the general Korean population: Implications of input assumptions for deterministic dietary assessment. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 14, 835- 350 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030802235300
  32. Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE.: Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains. J. Environ. Sci.(China) 16, 962-967 (2004).
  33. Jung MC, Thornton I.: Environmental contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils, plants and water in the paddy fields around a Pb-Zn mine in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 198, 105-121 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)05434-X
  34. CODEX. Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. CODEX STAN 193-1995 (2011).
  35. European Food Safety Agency (EFSA): Statement on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium: EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J. 9, 1975-1993 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1975
  36. European Union (EU). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. Official Journal of the European Union (2006).
  37. Yusa V, Suelves T, Ruiz-Atienza L, Cervera ML, Benedito V, Pastor A.: Monitoring programme on cadmium, lead and mercury in fish and seafood from Valencia, Spain: levels and estimated weekly intake. Food Addit. Contam. B 1, 22-31 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210802236935
  38. Satarug S, Baker J.R, Urbenjapo S, Haswell-Elkins M, Reilly PEB, Williams DJ, Moore MR.: A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupational exposed population. Toxicol. Lett. 137, 65-83 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00381-8
  39. Muller M, Anke M, Illing-Gunther H, Thiel C.: Oral cadmium exposure of adults in Germany. 2: Market basket calculations. Food Addit. Contam. 15, 135-141 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039809374622
  40. Sun JF, Wang CN, Wu YN, Yuan BJ, Tian ZH, Song XY, Li CY, Liu P.: Long-term dietary exposure to lead of the population of Jiangsu Province, China. Food Addit. Contam. 28, 107-114 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.533290