Fig. 1. Comparison between healthy oat seeds (A) and black discolored grains (B).
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree based on sequences of internal transcribed spacers rDNA region (A) and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene(B) of Pyrenophora avenae isolates and related species.
Fig. 2. Morphological features of Pyrerophora avenae. Front (A) and reverse (B) of colony on potato dextrose agar at 25℃ for 7 days; Conidiophores with conidia (C and D); Conidia with scar (E) (scale bars = 10 μm).
Fig. 4. Leaf blotch (A) and black discolored kernels (B) produced on oat plant inoculated with Pyrenophora avenae.
Table 1. Morphological and cultural characteristics of Pyrenophora avenae isolates
References
- National Institute of crop Science. Manual of oat cultivation. Wanju: National Institute of crop Science; 2013.
- Suttie JM, Reynolds SG. Fodder oats: a world overview. Rome: FAO; 2004.
- Farr DF, Rossman AY. Fungal databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA [Internet]. Beltsville: Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory; 2018 [cited 2018 Dec 12]. Available from: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/.
- Sheridan JE. Drechslera spp. and other seed-borne pathogenic fungi in New Zealand cereals. N Z J Agric Res 1977;20:91-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1977.10427309
- Chidambaram P, Mathur SB, Neergaard P. Identification of seed-borne Drechslera species. Friesia 1973;10:165-207.
- Chi MH, Park SY, Lee YH. A quick and safe method for fungal DNA extraction. Plant Pathol J 2009;25:108-11. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.2009.25.1.108
- White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego: Academic Press; 1990. p. 315-22.
- Berbee ML, Pirseyedi M, Hubbard S. Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia 1999;91:964-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761627
- Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:4876-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
- Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 2013;30:2725-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
- Guarro J, Gene J, Stchigel AM. Developments in fungal taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:454-500. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.3.454
- Gough FJ, McDaniel ME. Occurrence of oat leaf blotch in Texas in 1973. Plant Dis Report 1974;58:80-1.
- Harder DE, Haber S. Oat diseases and pathologic techniques. In: Marshall HG, Sorrells ME, editors. Oat science and technology. Madison: American Society of Agronomy; Crop Science Society of America; 1992. p. 307-402.