Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A multivariate adaptive regression splines model for estimation of maximum wall deflections induced by braced excavation

  • Xiang, Yuzhou (School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University) ;
  • Goh, Anthony Teck Chee (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University) ;
  • Zhang, Wengang (School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University) ;
  • Zhang, Runhong (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University)
  • Received : 2018.08.17
  • Accepted : 2017.08.08
  • Published : 2018.03.20
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

With rapid economic growth, numerous deep excavation projects for high-rise buildings and subway transportation networks have been constructed in the past two decades. Deep excavations particularly in thick deposits of soft clay may cause excessive ground movements and thus result in potential damage to adjacent buildings and supporting utilities. Extensive plane strain finite element analyses considering small strain effect have been carried out to examine the wall deflections for excavations in soft clay deposits supported by diaphragm walls and bracings. The excavation geometrical parameters, soil strength and stiffness properties, soil unit weight, the strut stiffness and wall stiffness were varied to study the wall deflection behaviour. Based on these results, a multivariate adaptive regression splines model was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection. Parametric analyses were also performed to investigate the influence of the various design variables on wall deflections.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Natural Science Foundation of China

References

  1. Addenbrooke, T.I., Potts, D.M. and Dabee, B. (2000), "Displacement flexibility number for multiple retaining wall design", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(8), 718-726. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:8(718)
  2. Adoko, A.C., Jiao, Y.Y., Wu, L., Wang, H. and Wang, Z.H. (2013), "Predicting tunnel convergence using multivariate adaptive regression spline and artificial neural network", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 38(3), 368-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.07.023
  3. Alavi, A.H., Ameri, M., Gandomi, A.H. and Mirzahosseini, M.R. (2011), "Formulation of flow number of asphalt mixes using a hybrid computational method", Constr. Build. Mater., 25(3), 1338-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.010
  4. Alpan, I. (1970), "The geotechnical properties of soils", Earth Sci. Rev., 6(1), 5-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(70)90001-2
  5. Attoh-Okine, N.O., Cooger, K. and Mensah, S. (2009), "Multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and hinged hyper planes (HHP) for doweled pavement performance modeling", Constr. Build. Mater., 23(9), 3020-3023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.04.010
  6. Benz, T. (2007), "Small-strain stiffness of soil and its numerical consequences", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
  7. Borja, R.I., Tamagnini, C. and Amorosi, A. (1997), "Coupling plasticity and energy-conserving elasticity models for clays", J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 123(10), 948-957. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:10(948)
  8. Brinkgreve, R.B.J. and Vermeer, P.A. (1997), PLAXIS Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analysis, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Neterlands.
  9. Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Broere, W. and Waterman, D. (2006), PLAXIS Version 8.5 Manual, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Neterlands.
  10. Bryson, L.S. and Zapata-Medina, D.G. (2012), "Method for estimating system stiffness for excavation support walls", J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 138(9), 1104-1115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000683
  11. Burland, J.B. (1989), "Small is beautiful-the stiffness of soils at small strains", Can. Geotech. J., 26(4), 499-516. https://doi.org/10.1139/t89-064
  12. Clayton, C.R.I. (2011), "Stiffness at small strain: Research and practice", Geotechnique, 61(1), 5-37. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2011.61.1.5
  13. Clough, G.W. and O'Rourke, T.D. (1990), Construction Induced Movements of In Situ Walls, in Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, ASCE, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A., 439-470.
  14. Finno, R.J. and Calvello, M. (2005), "Supported excavations: The observational method and inverse modeling", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(7), 826-836. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:7(826)
  15. Finno, R.J. and Tu, X.X. (2006), "Selected topics in numerical simulation of supported excavations", Proceedings of the International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Construction Processes in Geotechnical Engineering for Urban Environment, Bochum, Germany, March.
  16. Fok, P., Neo, B.H., Veeresh, C., Wen, D. and Goh, K.H. (2012), "Limiting values of retaining wall displacements and impact to the adjacent structures", IES J. Part A Civ. Struct. Eng., 5(3), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/19373260.2012.696447
  17. Friedman, J.H. (1991), "Multivariate adaptive regression splines", Ann. Stat., 19(1), 1-67. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176347963
  18. Goh, A.T.C. and Zhang, W.G. (2014), "An improvement to MLR model for predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spread using multivariate adaptive regression splines", Eng. Geol., 170, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.003
  19. Goh, A.T.C., Zhang, Fan., Zhang, W.G., Zhang, Y.M. and Liu, H.L. (2017), "A simple estimation model for 3D braced excavation wall deflection", Comput. Geotech., 83, 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.10.022
  20. Goh, A.T.C., Zhang, W.G., Zhang, Y.M., Xiao, Y. and Xiang, Y.Z. (2016), "Determination of EPB tunnel-related maximum surface settlement: A Multivariate adaptive regression splines approach" Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 1-12.
  21. Hashash, Y.M.A. and Whittle, A.J. (1996), "Ground movement prediction for deep excavations in soft clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 122(6), 474-486. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:6(474)
  22. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. (2009), The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference and Prediction, Springer.
  23. Hsieh, P.G. and Ou, C.Y. (2016), "Simplified approach to estimate the maximum wall deflection for deep excavations with cross walls in clay under the undrained condition" Acta Geotech., 11(1),177-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-014-0360-x
  24. Hsieh, P.G., Chien, S.C. and Ou, C.Y. (2012), "A simplified evaluation method for maximum wall deflection induced by deep excavation in clay", Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 31(11), 2285-2290.
  25. Hsieh, Y.M., Dang, P. H., and Lin, H. D. (2016), "How small strain stiffness and yield surface affect undrained excavation predictions", J. Geomech., 17(3), 04016071.
  26. Hsiung, B.C.B., Yang, K.H., Aila, W. and Hung, C. (2016), "Three dimensional effects of a deep excavation on wall deflections in loose to medium dense sands", Comput. Geotech., 80, 138-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.07.001
  27. Jardine, R.J., Potts, D.M., Fourie, A.B. and Burland, J.B. (1986), "Studies of the influence of non-linear stress-strain characteristics in soil-structure interaction", Geotechnique, 36(3), 377-396. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.377
  28. Jekabsons, G. (2010), VariReg: A Software Tool for Regression Modeling Using Various Modeling Methods, Riga Technical University, .
  29. Jen, L.C. (1998), "The design and performance of deep excavation in clay", Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  30. Khoshnevisan, S., Juang, H., Zhou, Y.G. and Gong, W. (2015), "Probabilistic assessment of liquefaction-induced lateral spreads using CPT-Focusing on the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence", Eng. Geol., 192, 113-128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.04.001
  31. Koutsoftas, D.C. (2012), "State of practice: Excavations in soft soils", Proceedings of the Geocongress 2012: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, Oakland, California, March.
  32. Kung, G.T.C. (2003), "Surface settlement induced by excavation with consideration of small-strain behavior of Taipei silty clay", Ph.D. Dissertation, National University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
  33. Kung, G.T.C., Hsiao, E.C.L. and Juang, C.H. (2007b), "Evaluation of a simplified small-strain soil model for analysis of excavation-induced movements", Can. Geotech. J., 44(6), 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1139/t07-014
  34. Kung, G.T.C., Juang, C.H., Hsiao, E.C.L. and Hashash, Y.M.A. (2007a), "Simplified model for wall deflection and groundsurface settlement caused by braced excavation in clays", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 133(6), 731-747. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:6(731)
  35. Kung, G.T.C., Ou, C.Y. and Juang, C.H. (2009), "Modeling smallstrain behavior of Taipei clays for finite element analysis of braced excavations", Comput. Geotech., 36(1), 304-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.01.007
  36. Lam, S.S.Y. (2010), "Ground movements due to excavation in clay: Physical and analytical models", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
  37. Lashkari, A. (2012), "Prediction of the shaft resistance of nondisplacement piles in sand", J. Numer. Anal. Met., 37(8), 904-931.
  38. Lashkari, A. and Mahboubi, M. (2015), "Use of hyper-elasticity in anisotropic clay plasticity models", Sci. Iran., 22(5), 1643-1660.
  39. Long, M. (2001), "Database for retaining wall and ground movements due to deep excavations", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(3), 203-224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(203)
  40. Mana, A.I. and Clough, G.W. (1981), "Prediction of movement for braced cuts in clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 107(6), 759-777.
  41. Moormann, C. (2004), "Analysis of wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in soft soil based on a new worldwide database", Soil. Found., 44(1), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.44.87
  42. Osman, A.S. and Bolton, M.D. (2006), "Ground movement predictions for braced excavations in undrained clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(4), 465-477. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:4(465)
  43. Poh, T.Y., Wong, I.H. and Chandrasekaran, B. (1997), "Performance of two propped diaphragm walls in stiff residual soils", J. Perform. Construct. Fac., 11(4), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1997)11:4(190)
  44. Rampello, S., Viggiani, G.M.B. and Amorosi, A. (1997), "Smallstrain stiffness of reconstituted clay compressed along constant triaxial effective stress ratio paths", Geotechnique, 47(3), 475-489. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.3.475
  45. Samui, P. and Karup, P. (2011), "Multivariate adaptive regression spline and least square support vector machine for prediction of undrained shear strength of clay", J. Appl. Math. Comput., 3(2), 33-42.
  46. Schanz, T., Vermeer, P.A. and Bonnier, P.G. (1999), The Hardening Soil Model-Formulation and Verification, in Beyond 2000 in Computational Geotechnics, Balkema, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  47. Son, M. and Cording, E.J. (2005), "Estimation of building damage due to excavation-induced ground movements", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(2), 162-177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(162)
  48. Ukritchon, B., Whittle, A.J. and Sloan, S.W. (2003), "Undrained stability of braced excavations in clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 129(8), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:8(738)
  49. Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991), "Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response", J. Geotech., Eng., 117(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89)
  50. Wang, J.H., Xu, Z.H. and Wang, W.D. (2010), "Wall and ground movement due to deep excavations in Shanghai soft soils", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(7), 985-994. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000299
  51. Whittle, A.J. Corral, G., Jen, L.C. and Rawnsley, R.P. (2014), "Prediction and performance of deep excavations for courthouse station, Boston", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 141(4), 04014123.
  52. Wong, K.S. and Broms, B.B. (1989), "Lateral wall deflections of braced excavation in clay", J. Geotech. Eng., 115(6), 853-870. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:6(853)
  53. Wroth, C.P. and Houlsby, G.T. (1985), "Soil mechanics-property characterization and analysis procedures", Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., August.
  54. Xuan, F. (2009), "Behaviour of diaphragm walls in clays and reliability analysis", M.Sc. Dissertation, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore.
  55. Yoo, C.S. and Kim, Y.J. (1999), "Measured behaviour of in situ walls in Korea", Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechancis, Balkema, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  56. Zarnani, S., El-Emam, M. and Bathurst, R.J. (2011), "Comparison of numerical and analytical solutions for reinforced soil wall shaking table tests", Geomech. Eng., 3(4), 291-321. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2011.3.4.291
  57. Zhang, W.G. and Goh, A.T.C. (2013), "Multivariate adaptive regression splines for analysis of geotechnical engineering systems", Comput. Geotech., 48, 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.09.016
  58. Zhang, W.G. and Goh, A.T.C. (2016), "General behavior of braced excavation in Bukit Timah Granite residual soils: A case study", J. Geoeng. Case Histor., 3(3), 190-202.
  59. Zhang, W.G., Goh, A.T.C. and Xuan, F. (2015), "A simple prediction model for wall deflection caused by braced excavation in clays", Comput. Geotech., 63, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.09.001
  60. Zhang, W.G., Goh, A.T.C., Zhang, Y.M., Chen, Y.M. and Xiao, Y. (2015), "Assessment of soil liquefaction based on capacity energy concept and multivariate adaptive regression splines", Eng. Geol., 188, 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.009
  61. Zhang, W.G., Zhang, Y.M. and Goh, A.T.C. (2017), "Multivariate adaptive regression splines for inverse analysis of soil and wall properties in braced excavation", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 64, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.01.009

Cited by

  1. Deterministic and probabilistic analysis of tunnel face stability using support vector machine vol.25, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.25.1.017