The Plant Pathology Journal

The Korean Society of Plant Pathology (한국식물병리학회)
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Morphometric Characterisation of Root-Knot Nematode Populations from Three Regions in Ghana

  • Nyaku, Seloame Tatu (Department of Crop Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana) ;
  • Lutuf, Hanif (Department of Crop Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana) ;
  • Cornelius, Eric (Department of Crop Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana)
  • Received : 2018.05.11
  • Accepted : 2018.07.29
  • Published : 2018.12.01
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Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in Ghana is limited by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, and yield losses over 70% have been experienced in farmer fields. Major management strategies of the root-knot nematode (RKN), such as rotation and nematicide application, and crop rotation are either little efficient and harmful to environments, with high control cost, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to examine morphometric variations of RKN populations in Ghana, using principal component analysis (PCA), of which the information can be utilized for the development of tomato cultivars resistant to RKN. Ninety (90) second-stage juveniles (J2) and 16 adult males of M. incognita were morphometrically characterized. Six and five morphometric variables were measured for adult males and second-stage juveniles (J2) respectively. Morphological measurements showed differences among the adult males and second-stage juveniles (J2). A plot of PC1 and PC2 for M. incognita male populations showed clustering into three main groups. Populations from Asuosu and Afrancho (Group I) were more closely related compared to populations from Tuobodom and Vea (Group II). There was however a single nematode from Afrancho (AF4) that fell into Group III. Biplots for male populations indicate, body length, DEGO, greatest body width, and gubernaculum length serving as variables distinguishing Group 1 and Group 2 populations. These same groupings from the PCA were reflected in the dendogram generated using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). This study provides the first report on morphometric characterisation of M. incognita male and juvenile populations in Ghana showing significant morphological variation.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Biplot for nine second-stage juvenile (J2) Meloidogyne incognita populations for PCA 1 and 2. Afrancho (AF), Akumadan (AK), Asuosu (AS), Toubodom (TB), Techimantia (TCH), Tanoso (TA), Tono (TO), Pwalugu (P) and Vea (V). 0-10 = Number of secondstage juvenile (J2) Meloidogyne incognita morphometrically characterised from each community. Color codings / groupings: Brown-Group 1 (Gp1), Violet-Group 2 (Gp2), and Green-Group 3(Gp3). Body length (BL), greatest body width (BW), stylet length (SL), tail length (TL), Hyaline tail length (HTL), ‘a’ = (total body length / greatest body width) and ‘c’ = (total body length / tail length).

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Fig. 2. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) for nine second-stage juvenile (J2) Meloidogyne incognita populations. Afrancho (AF), Akumadan (AK), Asuosu (AS), Toubodom (TB), Techimantia (TCH), Tanoso (TA), Tono (TO), Pwalugu (P) and Vea (V). 0-10 = Number of second-stage juvenile (J2) Meloidogyne incognita morphometrically characterised from each community. Color codings / groupings: Brown-Group 1 (Gp1), Violet-Group 2 (Gp2), and Green-Group 3 (Gp3).

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Fig. 3. Biplot for four male Meloidogyne incognita populations for PCA 1 and 2. Asuosu (AS), Afrancho (AF), Toubodom (TB), and Vea (V). 0-4 = Number of male Meloidogyne incognita morphometrically characterised from each community. Color codings / groupings: Green-Group 1 (Gp1), Brown-Group 2 (Gp2), and Violet-Group 3(Gp3). Body length (BL), greatest body width (BW), Dorsal esophageal gland orifice (DEGO), gubernaculum length (GL), stylet length (SL), tail length (TL), spicule length (SP), ‘a’ = (total body length /greatest body width) and ‘c’ = (total body length / tail length).

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Fig. 4. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) for four male Meloidogyne incognita populations. Asuosu (AS), Afrancho (AF), Toubodom (TB), and Vea (V). 0-4 = Number of male Meloidogyne incognita morphometrically characterised from each community. Color codings / groupings: Green-Group 1 (Gp1), Brown-Group 2 (Gp2), and Violet-Group 3 (Gp3).

Table 1. Geographical Position Satellite (GPS) coordinates of nematode sampling sites from 9 communities in three agroecological zones (Ghana)

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Table 2. Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues for male and secondstage juvenile (J2) M. incognita populations

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Table 3. Pearson Correlation among variables for male and second-stage juvenile (J2) M. incognita populations

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Table 4. Correlations between variables and principal components (PC) for male and second-stage juvenile (J2) populations

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Table 5. Coefficient of variation for nine M. incognita second-stage juvenile (J2) populations from Ghana

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Table 6. Coefficient of variation for four M. incognita male populations from Ghana

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Table 8. Mean and standard deviation values and ranges for four M. incognita male populations from Ghana

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Table 7. Mean and standard deviation values, and ranges for nine M. incognita (J2) populations from Ghana

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