Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society (기술혁신학회지)

Korea Technology Innovation Society (한국기술혁신학회)
권호 표지

The Effects of Transformational, Transactional Leadership on the Creativity of Team Members in R&D Organization: Mediating Effect of Team Climate and Moderating Effect of Organizational Culture

변혁적, 거래적 리더십이 연구개발조직 구성원의 창의성에 미치는 영향: 팀 풍토의 조절효과 및 조직문화의 조절효과

  • 서정석 (대학원 기술경영학과) ;
  • 김병근 (한국기술교육대학교 산업경영학부)
  • Received : 2017.06.07
  • Accepted : 2017.07.26
  • Published : 2017.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on the creativity of members in R&D organizations. We also analyze the leadership mechanism and the influence of effective environment by using team climate as a mediator and using adhocracy and hierarchy organizational culture as moderator. Data were collected through surveys of Korean Public Research Institutes conducting mainly basic science and applied sciences. 327 valid samples were tested using a structural equation model (SEM). Empirical results confirm that transactional leadership exhibits stronger direct effect on the creativity than transformational leadership. However, in indirect effects mediated by creative team climate, transformational leadership is found to be stronger than transactional leadership. It may reflect the characteristics of R&D organization. Also, through the verification of the moderating effect of the organizational culture, the adhocracy organizational culture appears to improve the creativity and the hierarchical organizational culture appears to inhibit the creativity. It is confirmed that the influence of organizational culture is statistically significant in R&D organizations with strong autonomy and independence. It is suggested that the leadership on the creativity of the members in the R&D organization may be indirect in the context of the team and the organization as well as the direct effects according to the type.

본 연구는 연구개발조직에서 리더십과 창의성의 관계를 구성원, 팀, 조직의 통합적인 차원에서 분석한다. 변혁적 리더십과 거래적 리더십이 구성원의 창의성에 미치는 효과를 측정한다. 리더십의 메커니즘과 효과적인 환경의 영향을 확인하기 위하여 팀 풍토의 매개효과를 검정하고 혁신지향적 조직문화와 위계지향적 조직문화의 조절 효과를 분석한다. 실증분석을 위해 기초과학과 응용과학 등 연구개발활동을 주로 수행하는 4개의 정부출연 연구기관을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하여 자료를 수집하였다. 설문 응답 가운데 총 327개의 유효 표본을 구조방정식모형(SEM: Structural Equation Model)을 활용하여 가설을 검증하였다. 실증분석 결과를 보면 구성원의 창의성에 미치는 직접적인 효과는 거래적 리더십이 변혁적 리더십 보다 강하게 나타나며 팀 풍토를 매개로 하는 간접적인 효과는 변혁적 리더십이 거래적 리더십보다 더 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 연구개발 조직의 특성에 의한 것으로 추정된다. 혁신지향적 조직문화는 창의성을 향상시키고, 위계지향적 조직문화는 창의성을 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 자율성과 독립성이 강한 연구개발조직에서 조직문화의 영향력이 작용함이 확인되었다. 연구개발조직에서 구성원의 창의성에 미치는 리더십은 유형에 따라 직접적 영향뿐만이 아니라 팀과 조직의 맥락에서 간접적으로 나타날 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김영명.안효영 (2014), "변혁적 리더십이 조직구성원의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향: 창의적 분위기의 매개효과 및 혁신성향의 조절효과", 기술혁신연구, 22(2): 247-285. https://doi.org/10.14383/SIME.2014.22.2.247
  2. 장은영.김병근 (2016), "R&D 조직의 창의적 팀 특성이 혁신성과에 미치는 영향", 한국경영과학회지, 41(4): 75-93. https://doi.org/10.7737/JKORMS.2016.41.4.075
  3. Ahmed, P. K. (1998), "Culture and Climate for Innovation", European Journal of Innovation Management, 1(1): 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601069810199131
  4. Amabile, T. M. and Conti, R. (1999), "Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity During Downsizing", Academy of Management Journal, 42: 630-641.
  5. Anderson, N. R. and West, M. A. (1998), "Measuring Climate for Work Group Innovation: Development and Validation of the Team Climate Inventory", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19: 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199805)19:3<235::AID-JOB837>3.0.CO;2-C
  6. Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi, Y. (1991), "On the Use of Structural Equation Models in Experimental Designs: Two Extensions", International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8(2): 125-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(91)90020-8
  7. Bandura, A. (1998), Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: Freeman.
  8. Bass, B. M. and Avolio, B. J. (1994), Improving Leadership Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership, Beverley Hills, CA: Sage
  9. Bass, B. M. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, New York: The Free Press.
  10. Blackwell, S. S. (2006), "The Influence of Perception of Organizational Structure and Culture on Leadership Role Requirement: the Moderating Impact of Locus of Control and Self-Monitoring", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(4): 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190601200403
  11. Cameron, K. S. and Quinn, R. E. (2005), Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework, John Wiley & Sons.
  12. Cooke, R. A. and Rousseau, D. M. (1988), "Behavioral Norms and Expectations: A Quantitative Approach to the Assessment of Organizational Culture", Group & Organizational Studies, 13(3): 245-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118801300302
  13. Elkins, T. and Keller. R. T. (2003), "Leadership in Research and Development Organizations: A Literature Review and Conceptual Framework", The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4): 587-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00053-5
  14. Eisenbeis, S. A. and Boerner, S. (2013), "A Double-Edged Sword: Transformational Leadership and Individual Creativity", British Journal of Management, 24(1): 54-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00786.x
  15. Ekvall, G. and Ryhammar, L. (1998), "Leadership Style, Social Climate and Organizational Outcomes: A Study of a Swedish University College", Creativity and Innovation Management, 7(3): 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8691.00100
  16. Ekvall, G. (1996), "Organizational Climate for Creativity and Innovation", European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1): 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414845
  17. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. (1981), "Evaluating Structure Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error", Journal of Marketing Science, 43(1): 39-50.
  18. Gebert, D. (2002), Fuhrung und Innovation, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
  19. Gillespie, N. A. and Mann, L. (2004), "Transformational Leadership and Shared Values: The Building Blocks of Trust", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6): 588-607. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940410551507
  20. Gumusluglu, L. and Ilsev, A. (2009), "Transformational Leadership, Creativity and Organizational Innovation", Journal of Business Research, 62(4): 461-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.032
  21. Hunter, S. T., Bedell, K. E. and Mumford, M. D. (2007), "Cimate for Creativity: A Quantitative Review", Creativity Research Journal, 19(1): 69-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410709336883
  22. Hu, L. and Bentler, P. M. (1999), "Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives", Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1): 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  23. Isaksen, S. G. and Tidd, J. (2007), Meeting the Innovation Challenge: Leadership for Transformation and Growth, Wiley.
  24. Ishikawa, J. (2012), "Leadership and Performance in Japanese R&D Teams", Asia Pacific Business Review, 18(2): 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2010.532907
  25. Jaussi, K. and Dionne, S. D. (2003), "Leading for Creativity: The Role of Unconventional Behavior", The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4): 475-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00048-1
  26. Kenny, B. and Reedy, E. (2006), "The Impact of Organisational Culture Factors on Innovation Levels in SMEs: An Empirical Investigation", Irishi Journal of Management, 27(2): 119.
  27. Lund, D. B. (2003), "Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction", Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 18(3): 219-236. https://doi.org/10.1108/0885862031047313
  28. McNabb, D. E. and Sepic, F. T. (1995), "Culture, Climate and Total Quality Management: Measuring Readiness for Change", Public Productivity and Management Review, 18: 369-385.
  29. Moss, S. A. and Ritossa, D. A. (2007), "The Impact of Goal Orientation on the Association between Leadership Style and Follower Performance, Creativity and Work Attitude", Leadership, 3(4): 433-456. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715007082966
  30. Narayanan, V. K. (2001), Managing technology and innovation for competitive advantage, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  31. Paulsen, N., Callan, V. J., Ayoko, O. and Saunders, D. (2013), "Transformational Leadership and Innovation in an R&D Organizatio Experiencing Major Change", Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26(3): 595-610. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534811311328597
  32. Ping, R. A. (1996), "Latent Variable Interaction and Quadratic Effect Estimation: A Two-Step Technique Using Structural Equation Analysis", Psychological Bulletin, 119(1): 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.166
  33. Pinto, J. and Slevin, D. (1989), "Critical Success Factors in R&D Projects", Research- Technology Management, 32: 12-18.
  34. Pirola-Merlo, A. and Mann, L. (2004), "The Relationship between Individual Creativity and Team Creativity: Aggregating Across People and Time", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2): 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.240
  35. Pirola-Merlo, A., Härtel, C., Mann, L. and Hirst, G. (2002), "How Leaders Influence the Impack of Affective Events on Team Climate and Performance in R&D Teams", The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5): 561-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00144-3
  36. Shalley, C. E. and Gilson, L. L. (2004), "What Leaders Need to Know: Are View of Social and Contextual Factors That Can Foster or Hinder Creativity", Leadership Quarterly, 15(1): 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
  37. Shin, J. S. and Zhou, J. (2003), "Transformational Leadership, Conservation, and Creativity: Evidence from KOREA", Academy of Management Journal, 46(6): 703-714.
  38. Tushman, M. L. and O'Reilly, C. A. (1997), Winning Through Innovation: A Pratical to Leading Organizational Change and Renewal, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
  39. Uzkurt, C., Kumar, R. H., Kimzan, S. and Eninoglu, G. (2013), "Role of Innovation in the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Firm Performance", European Journal of Innovation Management, 16(1): 92-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601061311292878
  40. West, M. A. (1990), "The Social Psychology of Innovation in Groups", In M. A. West and J. L. Farr (Eds), Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies, 309-333, Chichester, England: Wiley.
  41. Wolf, F. and Brennan, L. (2014), "Framing the Impact of Organisational Culture on Innovation", Post Graduate Paper, School of Business, Aras an Phiarsaigh, Trinity College Dublin.
  42. Yuan, C. K. and Lee, C. Y. (2011), "Exploration of a Construct Model Linking Leaership Types, Organization Culture, Employees Performance and Leadership Performance", Social and Behavioral Sciences, 25: 123-136.
  43. Zhou, J. and George, J. M. (2001), "When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Ccreativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice", Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 682-696.